RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Missions to the Heathen
de la Compagnie de Jesus en Syrie, 1831-96, Tours, 1898; A. Launay, Les Missionaries francais au Tonkin, Paris, 1900; idem, Histoire des missions de I'lndie, 4 vols., ib. 1898; B. A. H. Wilberforce, Dominican Missions and Martyrs in Japan, London, 1897; C. M. Caddell, The Cross in Japan; a History of the Missions of St. Francis Xavier and the early Jesuits, ib. 1904; A. Ligneul, L'Evangile au Japon au xx. si'ecle, Paris, 1904; M. Steichen, Les Daimyo Chretiens; un siicle de Vhistoire du Japon 1529— 1650, Hongkong, 1904. For New Zealand: A. Monf at, Les Origines de la foi catholigue dans la Nouvelle-Zelande; les Maoris; ilude historique, Lyons, 1896.
On the philosophy, methods, and economics of Protestant missions consult: W. P. Walsh, Christian Missions, London, 1862; D. Dorchester, The Problem of Religious Progress, New York, 1881; T. E. Slater, The Philosophy of Missions, London, 1882; G. Warneck, Modern Missions and Culture, Edinburgh, 1883; C. H. Carpenter, Studies in Mission Economics, Philadelphia, 1886; J. Liggins, The Great Value and Success of Foreign Missions; with an Introduction by Arthur T. Pierson, New York, 1889; B. Broomhall, Evangelization of the World, London, 1894; R. N. Cust, Essay on the Prevailing Methods of the Evangelization of the non-Christian World, ib. 1894; idem, The Gospel Message, or Essays on the different Aspects of Christian Missions, ib. 1896; S. L. Baldwin, Foreign Missions of the Protestant Churches, New York, 1900; J. R. Mott, The Evangelization of the World in this Generation, ib. 1900; C. M. Yonge, The Making of a Missionary, London, 1900; E. T. Churton, Foreign Missions, New York, 1901; J. C. Gibson, Mission Problems and Methods in S. China, Edinburgh, 1901; V. F. Penrose, Opportunities in the Path of the Great Physician, Philadelphia, 1902; H. H. Montgomery, Foreign Missions, London, 1902; idem, Principles and Problems of Foreign Missions, Westminster, 1904; A. Murray, The Key to the Missionary Problem, New York, 1902; R. E. Speer, Missionary Principles and Practices, ib. 1902; idem, Missions and Modern History, 2 vols., ib. 1904; Bryan F. Clinch, California and its Missions, 2 vols., San Francisco, 1904; J. R. Mott, The Home Ministry and Modern Missions, London, 1905; R. A. Hume, Missions from the Modern View, New York, 1905; J. L. Barton, The Missionary and his Critics, ib. 1906; J. S. Dennis, Christian Missions and Social Progress, 3 vols., ib. 1897, 1902, 1906; idem, The New Horoscope of Missions, ib. 1908; A. J. Brown, The Foreign Missionary: An Incarnation of a World Movement, ib. 1907; J. H. J. Ellison and G. H. S. Walpole, Church and Empire: Essays on the Responsibilities of Empire, London, 1907 (not on Church and State, but on coordinating Christian efforts); L. G. Mylne, Mission to Hindus; A Contribution to the Study of Missionary Methods, London, 1908; E. M. Bliss, The Missionary Enterprise, New York, 190S; W. Owen Carver, Missions in the Plan of the Ages, ib. 1909.
For early missions consult the various church histories, and the following special works: C. Merivale (editor), Conversion of the West, 5 vols. (I. The Continental Teutons, by C. Merivale; II. The Celts, by G. F. Maclear; III. The English, by G. F. Maclear; IV. The Northmen, by G. F. Maclear; V. The Slavs, by G. F. Maclear), London, 1878, New York, 1879; J. Wyse, A Thousand Years, or, The Missionary Centers of the Middle Ages, London, 1872; L. C. Barnes, Two Thousand Years of Missions before Carey, Chicago, 1901; A. Harnack, Die Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentum in der ersten drei Jahrhunderten, Leipsic, 1902, 2d ed., 1906, Eng. transl., Expansion of Christianity, 2 vols., New York, 1904-05, 2d ed., 1909; G. Smith, Short History of Christian Missions; from Abraham and Paul to Carey, Edinburgh, 1904; Schaff, Christian Church, V., 1, chap. ix.
For the missionary societies consult: J. M. Reid, Missions and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 2 vols., New York, 1879; Society for the Propagation of the Gospel; Digest of the Records of the Society, London, 1893; idem, Results of 180 Years of Work, London, 1887; N. Landmark, Det Norske Missionsselshab, Christiania, 1889; C. S. Home, Story of the London Missionary Society, London, 1894; E. F. Kruijf, Geschiedenis van het N ederlandsche Zendelingsgenootschap, Groningen, 1894; C. Hole, Early History of the Church Missionary Society to the End of 1814 A.D., London, 1896; W. O. B. Allen and E. McClure, Two Hundred Years; the History of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1698-1898,
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London, 1898; R. Lovett, History of the London Missionary Society, 1795-1895, 2 vols., ib. 1899; E. Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society, ib. 1899; P. Eppler, Geschichte der Basler Mission, 1815-99, Basel, 1900; J. T?'. Hamilton, History of the Missions of the Moravian Church during the 18th and 19th Centuries, Bethlehem, 1901; C.F. Pascoe, 200 Years of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 1701-1900, London, 1901; W. Bomemann, Einfuhrung in die evangelische Missionskunde im Anschluss an die Basler Mission, Tubingen, 1902; E. F. Merriam, History of the American Baptist Missions, Philadelphia, 1902; Centenary Volume of the Church Missionary Society 1799-1899, London, 1902; W. H. Eaton, Historical Sketch of the Massachusetts Baptist Missionary Society, 1802-1902, Boston, 1903; R. Clark, Missions of the Church Missionary Society and the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society in the Punjab and Sindh, London, 1904; J. T. N. Logstrup, Det danske Missionsselskabs Historie, Copenhagen, 1905; I. H. Barnes, In Salisbury Square, An Account of the Church Missionary House, London, 1905; A. F. Beard, A Crusade of Brotherhood: a Hist, of the American Missionary Association, Boston, 1909.
More or less general surveys of mission work are furnished by: F. E. A. Forster, Heralds of the Cross, London, 1882; A. C. Thompson, Moravian Missions, London, 1883; A. H. de Wandelbourg, Etudes sur I'Orient et ses missions, Paris, 1883; James Croil, The Missionary Problem; a History of Protestant Missions in some of the principal Fields of Missionary Enterprise; with a historical and statistical Account of the Rise and Progress of Missionary Societies in the 19th Century, Toronto, 1884; G. W. Hervey, Story of Baptist Missions in Foreign Lands, ib. 1884; E. Hodder, Conquests of the Cross, 3 vols., London, 1890; R. Young, Success of Christian Missions, ib. 1890; Centenary Celebration of the Baptist Missionary Society, ib. 1893, and Centenary Volume of the Society, ib. 1892; J. S. Dennis, Foreign Missions after a Century, Edinburgh, 1894; A. T. Pierson, The New Acts of the Apostles, London, 1894; idem, Modern Missions Century, New York, 1901; E. A. Lawrence, Modern Missions in the East, ib. 1895; D. L. Leonard, A Hundred Years of Missions, ib. 1895; idem, Missionary Annals of the Nineteenth Century, Cleveland, 1899; P. Barclay, A Survey of Foreign Missions, Edinburgh, 1897; E. M. Bliss, History of Missions, New York, 1897; A. H. Japp, Master Missionaries, Chapters in Pioneer Effort throughout the World, London, 1905; G. Warneck, Outlines of a History of Protestant Missions, London, 1906; E. Stock, The Story of Church Missions, London, 1907; Methods of Mission Work among Moslems. By various Authors, New York, 1908; H. C. Vedder, Christian Epoch-makers: The Story of the great missionary Eras in the Hist, of Christianity, Philadelphia, 1908; W. T. Whitley, Missionary Achievement, London and New York, 1908; J. L. Warneck, The Living Christ and Dying Heathenism, ib. 1909.
On Africa, besides the literature under Africa, consult: G. E. Beskow, Den Svenska Missionen i Ost-Afrika, Stockholm, 1884; A. E. M. A. Morshead, History of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, 1859-96, London, 1897; S. G. Stock, The Story of Uganda, ib. 1894; W. L. Elmslie, Among the Wild Ngoni; Chapters in the History of the Livingstonia Mission in British Central Africa, Edinburgh, 1899; F. E. Guinness, The New World of Central Africa. With History of the first Mission in the Congo, London, 1890; J. Spillman, Vom Cap zum Sambesi. Die Anfange der Sambesi Mission, Freiburg, 1882; H. Goldie, Calabar and its Mission, Edinburgh, 1901; M. Genischen, Bilder von unserem Missionsfelde in Sild- Afrika, Berlin, 1902; M. C. Gollock, River, Sand, and Sun; Sketches of the C. M. S. Mission, London, 1905; J. Rutherford, The Gospel in North Africa, ib. 1900; J. J. K. Fletcher, The Sign of the Cross in Madagascar, Edinburgh, 1901; A. Karlgren, Svenska Kyrkans Mission i Sydafrika, Upsala, 1909.
For America, besides the literature under Indians op North America, Missions to the, consult: W. H. Brett, Mission Work among the Indian tribes in Guiana, London, 1881; M. Eels, Ten Years' Missionary Work among the Indians, Boston, 1886; E. F. Wilson, Missionary Work among the Ojibway Indians, London, 1886; E. C. Millard and L. E. Guinness, South America, the Neglected Continent, ib. 1894; H. Dykstra, Het Evangelie in onze Oostt De Protestansche zending in het tegenwoordige N ederlandsche Indie, Leyden, 1900; H. P. Beach et al., Protestant Mis-
missions to the Heathen Mithra