THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
in Basel, the struggle against the Beghards and Beguines (q.v.), who found earnest defenders in the Franciscans. From 1405 to 1411, he sojourned in Italy, and remained, after the Council of Pisa, under the obedience of Gregory XII. When he returned to Basel in 1411, he sharply assailed the moral shortcomings of the clergy in his sermons and, in a prophetic vein, announced to them a great judgment. Driven from Basel as a schismatic and heretic, he died, widely revered as a god-sent prophet. Among his works, the controversial writings against the Beguines are noteworthy; these have been published in part by Haupt (ZKG, x. 511 sqq., 1896; cf. J. L. von Mosheim, De Beghardis, pp. 554 sqq., Leipsic, 1790). H. Haupt.
Bibliography: C. Wurstisen, Bassler Chronicle, pp. 201- 220, Basel, 1580; P. Ochs, Geschichte der Stadt . . Basel, iii. 26-35, ib. 1819; J. F. Hautz, Geschichte der Universitat Heidelberg, i. 240-241, ii. 364 sqq., Mannheim, 1862- 1864; K. Schieler, Magister Johannes Nider, pp. 13, 164 sqq., Mainz, 1885; Reichert, in Romische Quartalschrift fur Altertumskunde, xiv (1900), 84, 95, xv (1901), 128- 129, 139, 148.
MULE: The hybrid of the ass and the mare, in contrast with the hinny, the offspring of the stallion and the she-ass. The mule, on account of its sure-footedness, is more serviceable than the horse in mountainous regions, though inferior both in size and strength. Mules are mentioned in the Egyptian and Assyrian records, as well as in Homer. According to the latter, they were derived principally from Mysia and Paphlagonia (Iliad, xxiv.). The Hebrews obtained these animals from Togarmah (Armenia), which was rich in horses, through the Phenicians (Ezek. xxvii. 14). They were also imported into Assyria. Among the Hebrews they are first named in David's time as saddle animals of the kings and princes (II Sam. xiii. 29; I Kings i. 33), and as beasts of burden (I Chron. xii. 40). It is evident that at this period they were somewhat rare; only later did their use become more general (I Kings xviii. 5; Zech. xiv. 15). They were eent to Solomon as tribute from conquered peoples (I Kings x. 25; II Chron. ix. 24). Whether the Hebrews themselves raised these animals in ancient times is not known; in the later legislation (Lev. xix. 19) this is forbidden. The law was, however, evaded by breeding the animals outside the land. Sennacherib carried off a great number of mules, asses, and horses as booty (according to the inscription on the famous cylinder of this king, iii. 18 sqq.) ; the returning exiles brought back a considerable number of mules with them, although the number of horses was three times as great (Ezra ii. 66; Neh. vii. 68). I. Benzinger.
Bibliography: V. Hehn, Kidturpflanzen und Hausthiere,
ed. O. Schrader, Berlin, 1902; F. Vigouroux, Dictionnaire
de la Bible, fasc. xxviii., cols. 1336-1338, Paris, 1906;
DB, iii. 456; EB, iii. 3224-25; JE, ix. 105.
MULFORD, ELISHA: Episcopalian; b. at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa., Nov. 19, 1833; d. at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 9, 1885. He graduated from Yale College 1855; studied theology at Union Theological Seminary, New York, at Andover, Mass., and in Halle and Heidelberg, Germany; was ordained deacon 1859, and priest 1862; had charges at Darien, Conn , 1S61 ; South Orange,
N. J., 1861-64; Friendsville, Penn., 1877-81. From 1864 to 1877 he resided without charge at Montrose, Pa.; after 1881 he lived at Cambridge, where he lectured on apologetics in the Episcopal Divinity School. Dr. Mulford was in sympathy with the theological sentiments expressed by the school of Coleridge and Frederick Denison Maurice, and stood for the union of the utmost liberty of philosophic thought in the treatment of Christian dogmas. He was also under the influence of Richard Rothe, and was in accord with the realism of Hegel. He wrote The Nation, the Foundation of Civil Order and Political Life in the United States (New York, 1870, and often); and The Republic of God, an Institute of Theology (Boston, 1881, and often).
MULLENS, JOSEPH: English Congregationalist missionary; b. in London Sept. 2, 1820; d. at Chacombe, near Mpwapwa (200 m. w. of Zanzibar), German East Africa, July 10, 1879. He graduated from London University in 1841 ; in 1842 he offered himself to the London Missionary Society, and, after being ordained, sailed for India, where he began work at Bhowanipore, and was pastor of the native church there, 1846-58. While there he gathered statistics of the missions in India and Ceylon. Returning to England in 1858, he was prominent as secretary of the Liverpool Missionary Conference in 1860; in 1865 he became joint foreign secretary and in 1868 sole foreign secretary of the London Missionary Society; in 1870 he was present at the annual meeting of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions; and he spent the year of 1873 in a visit to Madagascar in the interest of missionary work. He was active in securing the convention of the Mildmay Conference, London, 1878. His last great desire was to establish on a permanent basis the missions of the London Society in Ujiji, Africa, and in this interest he accompanied several missionaries to Africa. Starting from Zanzibar he got no farther than Mpwapwa. His statesmanlike and administrative abilities enabled him to perform wonders for the efficiency of the London Missionary Society. His writings embrace Vedantism, Brahminism, and Christianity Examined and Compared. A Prize Essay (Calcutta, 1852); Missions in South India Visited and Described (London, 1854); The Religious Aspects of Hindu Philosophy Stated and Discussed. A Prize Essay (1860); A Brief Review of Ten Years' Missionary Labor in India between 1852 and 1861. Prepared from Local Reports and Original Letters (1863); London and Calcutta Compared in their Heathenism, their Privileges and their Prospects (1868); and Twelve Months in Madagascar (1875).
Bibliography: DNB, xxxix. 276-277; London Missionary Society Chronicle, Oct., 1879.
MULLINS, EDGAR YOUNG: Baptist; b. in Franklin Co., Miss., Jan. 5, 1860. He received his education at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (1876-79), the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (graduated 1885), and at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. ; was pastor at Harrodsburg, Ky. (1885-88), of the Lee Street Baptist Church, Baltimore (1888-95); corresponding secretary of the Foreign Mission Board of the South-