RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Mule Muratorian
em Baptist Convention (1895-96); pastor of the First Church, Newton, Mass. (1896-99); has been president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and professor of theology since 1899; and is president of the Baptist Young People's Union of America. He is the author of Why is Christianity True t (Chicago, 1905) ; and Axioms of Religion: a New Interpretation of the Baptist Faith (Philadelphia, 1908).
MULOT, mu"lo', RENE, MULOTISTS. See Holt Ghost, Orders and Congregations op the, II, 2.
MUNGER, THEODORE THORNTON: Congregationalist; b. at Bainbridge, N. Y., Mar. 5, 1830; d. at New Haven Jan. 11, 1910. He was graduated from Yale College (A.B., 1851) and Yale Divinity School (1855), after which he held pastorates at Dorchester, Mass. (1856-60), Haverhill, Mass. (1862-70), Lawrence, Mass. (1870-75), San Jos6, Cal. (1875-76), North Adams, Mass. (1876- 1885), and the United Church, New Haven, Conn, (after 1885; after 1891 pastor emeritus). He wrote: On the Threshold (Boston, 1881); The Freedom of Faith (1883); Lamps and Paths (1885); The Appeal to Life (1887); Character through Inspiration (New York, 1897); Horace Bushnell, Preacher and Theologian (Boston, 1899); and Essays for the Day (1904).
MUNGO, SAINT. See Kentigern, Saint.
MUNNU, SAINT. See Fintan, Saint.
MURATORI, mu"ra"to'ri, LUDOVICO ANTO- NIO: Italian Roman Catholic historian; b. at Vignola (50 m. n.n.w. of Florence) Oct. 21, 1672; d. at Modena Jan. 23, 1750. He studied theology, philosophy, and law at Modena, and in 1695 was attached to the Ambrosian Library at Milan. In 1700 he was recalled to Modena as archivist and librarian, where he spent the remainder of his life, being also provost of Santa Maria della Pomposa. The results of his activity at Milan were his Anecdota ex Ambrosiance bibliothecm codicibus (4 vols., Milan and Padua, 1697-1713) and Anecdota Groeca (Padua, 1709). Here he discovered the famous Muratorian Canon (q.v.). The controversy which broke out in 1708 between the emperor and the pope over the state and territory of Comacchio, in which Muratori was called to defend the house of Este against the papal claims, led to his first great historical work, the Antichitd Estensi ed Italiane (2 vols., Modena, 1717-40). He then proceeded to an exhaustive collection of material for a history of Italy from the fifth to the sixteenth century. The results were his Rerum Italicarum scriptores ah anno 600-1600 (28 vols., Milan, 1723-51), supplemented by his Antiquitates Italicw medii cevi (6 vols., 1738-42; Italian transl. by the author, Dissertazioni sopra le antichitd italiane, 3 vols., 1751) and his Novus thesaurus veterum inscriptionum (4 vols., 1739-43). The material thus obtained was summarized in a simple description of facts in rigid chronological ordei from the beginning of the Christian era to 1749, the work being entitled Annali d'ltalia (12 vols., 1744-49). Here, too, belongs his Liturgia Romano, vetus tria sacramentaria complectens (1748).
The remaining works of Muratori, many of them under pseudonyms, were devoted either to literature,
philosophy, jurisprudence, or theology. To the first class belong his Della perfetta poesia italiana (2 vols., 1706) and Reftessioni sopra il buon gusto intorno le scienze e le arti (1708); to the second his Della Carita cristiana (1723), Filosofia morale esposta (1735), Delle forze dell'intendimento umano (1745), and Della forza della fantasia (1745); and to the third his Governo della peste politico, medico ed ecclesiastico (1714), Defetti della giurisprudenza (1741), and Delia pubblica felicitd (1749). His theological writings roused much controversy, especially by his attacks on the Jesuit favoring of vows in Sicily to defend the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception even at the risk of life, and by his criticisms of certain ecclesiastical proceedings, particularly the excessive honor of the saints and the great number of holidays. To this class belong his De ingeniorum moderatione in religionis negotio (Paris, 1714; under the pseudonym of Lamindo Pritanio) ; De superstitions vitanda sive censura voti sanguinarii (1740; under the pseudonym of Antonius Lampridius); the pseudonymous Ferdinandi Valdesii epistolce (1743), and Della regolata divozione de' cristiani (1747; under the pseudonym of Lamindo Pritanio). The latter class of writings exposed Muratori to the attacks of his enemies and rivals. Muratori's voluminous correspondence, hitherto either scattered in various publications or still only in manuscript, was edited by M. Campori in his Epistolario di L. A. Muratori (Modena, 1901 sqq.). (G. LaubmannI-)
Bibliography: Accounts of his life were written by G. F. Soli Muratori, Naples, 1758; and by A. Fabronius, in Vita Italorum, x. 89-391, 18 vols., Pisa, 1778-99. Consult further: A. von Reumont, Beitrdge zur italienischin Geschichte, iii. 215-270, 6 vols., Berlin, 1853-57; M. Landau, Geschichte der italienischen Litteratur, Berlin, 1899.
MURATORIAN, mu'ra'to'ri-an, CANON.
I. Description. Gospels and Acts (§ 1).
II. Place, Date, and Author- Pauline Epistles (§ 2).
ship. Other Writings (§ 3).
III. Contents. IV. Ruling Ideas.
I. Description: The Muratorian Canon is an early manuscript fragment of importance for the history of the New-Testament canon. The manuscript upon which until lately knowledge of the contents of this canon rested entirely and still rests almost wholly ,is a miscellany carelessly put together, beginning with an excerpt from Eucherius. [This was discovered by Muratori in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, and published by him in Antiquitates Italicoe, Milan, 1740.] What immediately preceded the Canon is unknown, as seven quaternions just before its abrupt opening are lost. After it comes, on the same leaf, a part of Ambrose on Abraham, which is immediately repeated. This proceeding, together with the notable variations between the two copies, sufficiently indicates the carelessness of the copyist, and shows that the frequent orthographical mistakes are his and not those of the original author. This is shown even more clearly by the recent discovery of some bits of the Muratorian Canon in four eleventh- or twelfth-century Latin manuscripts of Paul's epjstles at Monte Cassino. The compiler of the prologue in which these occur can not have used the Milan manuscript, as is
Muratorian