RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Newman
responsible for the formation of a school of opinion, which eventually came into collision with the nation and the nation's church. At about this time Newman became editor of the British Critic, which was used as the chief organ of Tractarianism, and at this time his influence was already wide. While the view of the Church of England set forth in his Prophetical Office of the Church (1837) is the recognized Anglican view, by 1839 he himself began to question its correctness, and his doubts were strengthened by Cardinal Wiseman's article on the "Anglican Claim " in the Dublin Review (1839).
During the years in which the Tractarian movement held sway, Newman wrote twenty-four tracts. Tract 90 he wrote in 1841, the outcome of which was that the movement came under the ban, and Newman's position was no longer tenable. In July of the same year he relinquished the editorship of the British Critic to his brother-in-law, Thomas Mozley. The next year he withdrew from Oxford and went to Littlemore, passing three years in seclusion; publishing in February, 1843, in the Conservative Journal a retraction of his strictures upon the Church of Rome, and in September of the same year resigning the living of St. Mary's. During the writing of his Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1845), his doubts respecting the Roman Catholic Church gradually vanished, and he was received into that church on Oct. 9, 1845. This event was of far-reaching importance to the Church of England, and brought about the end of the Oxford movement. Newman left Oxford on Feb. 23, 1846, to go to Oscott, and in October of the same year he went to Rome, where he was ordained priest, and received the doctorate. At the close of the following year he returned to England, commissioned by Pius IX. to introduce the Oratory (see Neri, Philip, Saint) into his mother country, which he established at Alcester Street, Birmingham ; and later at Edgebaston. His Discourses to Mixed Congregations (1849) is a volume which reveals him at this time at the zenith of his attainments as a preacher. In this same year he assisted the Roman Catholic priests of Bilston during an epidemic of cholera, himself taking the most dangerous posts. In 1851 he established the London Oratory, while in 1850 he had published his Lectures on Certain Difficulties felt by Anglicans in Submitting to the Catholic Church. In October, 1850, the Roman hierarchy of England (also called the Papal Aggression) was restored, producing a violent anti-Catholic agitation. Newman's next work was his Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England (1851). In one of these he so forcibly and in such plain language assailed the depraved nature of an apostate monk named Achilli, used in the anti-Roman agitation, that charges for libel were preferred against him. He pleaded " not guilty," and his charges were in the main proved by witnesses brought for the purpose from Italy, but the jury, under the influence of the charge by the magistrate, brought in a verdict against Newman, and he was fined £100 by Judge Coleridge on Jan. 23, 1853. In 1854 he went to Dublin, as rector of the Catholic University. The only apparent literary result of this experience was his Idea of a University (1873). In 1858 he re-
turned to Birmingham, where he proposed, but failed to carry through, the establishment of a branch house of the Oratory at Oxford. In 1859 he established at Edgebaston the school for the sons of well-to-do Roman Catholics. In reply to an adverse criticism (in fact a perverted statement) made by Charles Kingsley in 1864 Newman issued his Apologia pro Vita Sua, a work which has been regarded a triumphant vindication of his integrity and honesty of purpose throughout his life. In 1874 he answered an article written by Gladstone for the Contemporary Review and also Gladstone's Vatican Decrees, by his Letter to the Duke of Norfolk, in which he criticized severely the extreme statements of some Roman Catholics in relation to the matter at issue. In 1877 Newman was elected honorary fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and in February, 1878, visited Oxford for the first time in thirty-two years. Soon after Leo XIII. became pope, several leading English Roman Catholic laymen represented to him the great work which Newman had accomplished in England, as a result of which Newman was called to the sacred college. This honor was appreciated the more in that it was unexpected and in that he was exempt from residence at the pontifical court. On May 12, 1879, he was formally created cardinal, with the title of St. George in Velabro. He paid one more visit to Trinity College, Oxford, and preached in St. Aloysius' Church. Thenceforth he made his residence at Edgebaston.
A full list of his books, tracts, and other writings is given in DNB, xl. 349-350. An edition of his works is in 36 vols., London, 1868-81.
Bibliography: Aa sources use: His own Apologia pro vita sua, ut sup.; and Letters and Correspondence of J. H. Newman, ed. Anne Mozley, 2 vols., London, 1891. Very useful is the literature on Tractarianism, particularly R. W. Church's Oxford Movement, London, 1891. Biographies have been written by: R. H. Hutton, London, 1894; H. J. Jennings, ib., 1882; W. Lockhart, ib., 1891; W. J. H. Meynell, New York, 1891; E. A. Abbott, The Anglican Career of Cardinal Newman, 2 vols., London, 1892 (consult also his Philomythus, ib. 1891); W. Sanday, England's Debt to Newman, London, 1892; A. B. Donaldson, in Five Great Oxford Leaders, New York, 1900; A. R. Waller and G. H. S. Barrow, Boston, 1902; A. Whyte, New York, 1902; W. Barry, New York, 1904; E. Cachod, Newman. Essai de biographie psychologique, Paris, 1905; J. A. Hutton, Pilgrims in the Region of Faith, Cincinnati, 1906; W. J. Williams, Newman, Pascal, Loisy and the Catholic Church, London, 1906; W. P. Ward, Ten Personsal Studies, New York, 1908; A. Cecil, Six Oxford Thinkers, London, 1909. Consult also, H. P. Liddon, Life of E. B. Pusey, 3 vols., London, 1895; the Trial of G. G. Achilli vs. J. H. Newman, London, 1852; G. Sarolea, Cardinal Newman and His Influence on Religious Life and Thought, New York, 1908.
NEWMAN, JOHN PHILIP: Methodist Episcopal bishop; b. in New York Sept. 1, 1826; d. at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., July 5, 1899. He graduated from Cazenovia Seminary, 1848; studied theology, and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1849; he filled appointments in the Oneida, Troy, and New York conferences, 1848-64, with an interval of a year's travel (1860-61) in the orient; he organized a Methodist Episcopal church in New Orleans, 1864; while there he established three annual conferences, two colleges, and a religious paper; he organized and became pastor
Newman Nibhaz