THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
schism here (see Lucifer of Calaris and the Luciferians), as well as that of Meletius (see Me-
LETIUS OF ANTIOCH AND THE MELETIAN SCHISM) in
the East. The Novatian organization was consolidated in the two generations after Decius, and received many additions from Montanist communities. Apart from the primary question of discipline, the principal differentia, at least in Phrygia (where Montanist influence was strong), was the prohibition of second marriages. In the fourth and fifth centuries there were communities of " Cathari " in every province of the Empire, especially in the East. At the beginning of the fifth there were a number of Novatian churches in Rome, with a bishop; they did not fuse with the Donatists, but were usually regarded by the Catholics as on the same plane. In the time of Cyril they had a number of churches in Alexandria under a bishop (Theopemptus) ; in Constantinople the list of their bishops is preserved from 325 to 439. The first of this series, Acesius, was present at the Council of Nicsea on Constantine's summons, and accepted its decisions; the constant adherence of all the members of the sect to the homoousion shows the influence of Novatian's work De trinitute. The council adopted a conciliatory attitude toward them, treating them as schismatics but not as heretics, and acknowledging the validity of their baptisms and ordinations. Constantine allowed them to retain their churches and cemeteries; but ten years later he changed his policy, placed them on the same plane as the Marcionites and Valentianians, forbade their public worship, took their churches from them, and ordered the destruction of their books. They suffered severely in the persecution of the orthodox by Constantius, which drew them closer to the Nicene Catholics. Julian's policy was to their advantage, but under Valens they were again united in suffering with the Catholics, and in the provinces the persecution lasted until the accession of Theodosius, who took them under his protection. In Constantinople they remained unmolested until the middle of the fifth century. In Rome, Honorius included them in his edict of 412 against heretics, and at Alexandria Cyril closed their churches and expelled their bishop. Innocent I. was the first pope to take strong measures against them, followed by Celestine I., who suppressed their public worship. In the East, however, their organization maintained its existence as late as the seventh century. (A. Harnack.)
Bibliography: The sources are indicated in the text. The best edition of the Opera of Novatian is by J. Jackson, London, 1728, cf. MPL, iii.; a recent ed. of the De trinitate is by W. Y. Tausset, Cambridge, 1909; Eng. transl., with introduction, of De trinitate and De cibis Judaicis in ANF, v. 611-650; and a new transl. of the De trinitate was published New York, 1909. The discussions of the literature ascribed to Novatian are indicated in Hauck- Herzog, RE, xiv. 223-225. Consult further: Harnack, Litteratur, 1. 652, ii. 2 pp. 61-62 et passim (very full); idem, Dogma, i.-v., consult index; C. W. F. Walch, Historie der Ketzereien, ii. 185-288, 11 vols., Leipsic, 1762-85; H. Gregoire, Hist, des sectes religieuses, 5 vols., Paris, 1828; R. A. Lipsius, DieQuellen deraltesten Ketzergeschichte, Leipsic, 1875; A. Hilgenfeld, Die Ketzergeschichte des Urchristenthums, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1884-86; C. T. Cruttwell, Literary Hist, of Early Christianity, 2 vols., London, 1893; Wehofer, in Ephemeris Salonitana, 1894, pp. 13 sqq.; Quarry, in Hermathena, x (1897), 36 sqq.; O. Bardenhewer, Geschichte der altkirchlichen Litteratur, ii. 559 sqq.,
Freiburg, 1903; Neander, Christian Church, i. 237-248; Schaff, Christian Church, ii. 196-197, 570, 849-853; and in general the works on the church history and doctrinal history of the period.
NOWACK, no"vac', WILHELM GUSTAV HER- MANN: German Lutheran; b. at Berlin Mar. 3, 1850. He was educated at the University of Berlin (Ph.D., Halle, 1872; Th. Lie, Berlin, 1873), and became privat-docent there in 1875, and extraordinary professor in 1880. He was also supply at St. Gertrud's, Berlin (1876-77), and pastor at the orphan asylum at Rummelsburg, an eastern suburb of Berlin (1877-81). Since 1881 he has been professor of Old-Testament exegesis and Hebrew at the University of Strasburg. He is also a canon of St. Thomas, Strasburg, a member of the supreme consistory, and an overseer of the Protestant gymnasium at Strasburg, as well as a member of the Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft and of the Strasburg Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft. In theology he is an adherent of the historical critical school. He has written: Die Bedeutung des Hieronymus fur die alttestamentliche Textkritik (Gottingen, 1875); Die assyrisch-babylonischen Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament (Berlin, 1878); Der Prophet Hosea erklart (1880); Die sozialcn Probleme in Israel und deren Bedeutung fur die religiose Entwickelung dieses Volkes (Strasburg, 1892); Hebrdr ische Archdologie (2 vols., Freiburg, 1894); Die Zukunflshoffnungen Israels in der assyrischen Zeit (Tubingen, 1902); and Textausgabe der kleineren Propheten in Kittel's Bible (1906). He has prepared the second edition of E. Bertheau and F. Hitzig's commentaries on Proverbs and Ecclesiastes for the Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament (Leipsic, 1883); the third edition of H. Hupfeld's commentary on the Psalms (2 vols., Gotha, 1888); and Amos and Hosea for Religionsgeschichtliche Volksbilcher (Tubingen, 1908). Since 1892 he has been the editorin-chief of the Handkommentar zum Alten Testament, to which he has contributed the volumes on the Minor Prophets (Gottingen, 1897; 2d ed., 1903), Judges and Ruth (1900), and Samuel (1902).
NOWELL no'el (NOWEL, NOEL), ALEXAN- DER: Dean of St. Paul's and preacher of the Elizabethan period; b. at Read Hall, Whalley (37 m. n.e. of Liverpool), County of Lancaster, 1507 or 1508; d. at London Feb. 13, 1601 or 1602. He was educated at Middleton, near Manchester, and at Brasenose College, Oxford, which he entered at thirteen. He was the " chamber-fellow " of Foxe the martyrologist, and was made bachelor of arts in 1536 and master in 1540. In 1543 he was appointed master of Westminster School, London, he being the second incumbent of that position; was licensed to preach in 1550, and in 1551 received a stall at Westminster. He adopted the principles of the Reformation, and, at the accession of Mary, fled to the continent, where he tarried at Strasburg and Frankfort, in intimate intercourse with the exiles, who subsequently became eminent under Elizabeth. Returning to England at Elizabeth's accession, he was made archdeacon of Middlesex; and canon of Canterbury in 1560; and was appointed one of the commissioners to visit several of the dio-