RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Occam Odo
reaction under Queen Mary, 1553, Ochino left England and went to Zurich as pastor of some Evangelical refugees who had fled from Locarno. Eventually, however, from Zurich, too, he was expelled by a narrow zeal, which charged that he sanctioned polygamy and assailed the Trinity. This was a hard accusation, and not without formal occasion, yet substantially refuted not only by his " Apology " of the year 1563, but still more by the whole course of his life. Ochino sought final refuge in Poland; yet thence he was expelled by the edict of Aug. 7, 1564, against foreign heretics. And so from Poland he wandered over to Moravia, where, at Slackov (Austerlitz) he was to lay down his weary life. Looking back, he says, " I had much to endure, but this no apostle and disciple of Christ is spared. However, that I was enabled to endure all is proof that the Lord manifested his power in me." K. Benrath.
Bibliography: There is no collected edition of his works. Some of his sermons were frequently translated into English, London, 1550, 1580, as was his Dialogo del Purgatoris, ib. 1657. Consult: K. Benrath, Bernardino Ochino, Brunswick, 1892, Eng. transl. of earlier ed., London, 1876; C. Carmichel Beron, Essai sur B. Ochino, Paris, 1855; T. McCrie, Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Italy, Philadelphia, 1856; G. Buchsenschutz , &ude sur la vie et les ceuvres de B. Ochino, Strasburg, 1871; Vigouroux, Dictionnaire, fasc. xxviii., col. 1733; DNB, xli. 350 sqq.
OCTAVE: A term in Roman Catholic liturgies denoting the celebration throughout an entire week of certain great festivals, and also the eighth day, or conclusion of the festival, which has a higher rank than the others. Like the festivals themselves, the octaves differ in dignity. Those of Easter and Pentecost are of such high rank that neither the celebration of saints' days nor votive masses are permitted within them; those of Christmas and Corpus Christi allow the observance of saints' days but not of votive masses; other octaves permit both. Each day of the octave has part of the service proper to itself, while the eighth approximates more closely to that of the feast. The original institution of octaves is of historical interest as showing the inclination of the early Church to perpetuate the liturgical institutions of Israel, according to which the Passover was celebrated for seven days (or eight, including the day of preparation), the first and last being of special importance, while the Feast of Tabernacles lasted for eight.
(E. RANKEf-) Bibliography: Vigouroux, Dictionnaire, fasc. xxviii., cols. 1735-37.
ODD ORDER BRETHREN. See Dunkers, III.
ODES OF SOLOMON. See Solomon, Odes of.
ODILO: Fifth Abbot of Cluny. See Cluny, Abbey and Congregation of, § 3.
ODLAND, od'land, SIGURD VILHELM: Norwegian theologian; b. at Bergen, Norway, Dec. 5, 1857. He was graduated at the University of Christiania (B.A., 1875; candidate in theology, 1879; Th.D., 1879); was appointed professor of theology there (1894), his special field being New- Testament exegesis and isagogics. He achieved celebrity by his opposition to the liberal theology
which in recent years has exerted marked influence in Norway. His prominence in this respect became marked in the " professor controversy " which reached its culmination in the appointment (1906) of Johannes Ording (q.v.) to the chair of systematic theology in the university vacated by Petersen. When the appointment was made, Odland carried out his declared intention of resigning if a member of the faculty was permitted to teach anticonfessional doctrine. With the help of clergy and laity he was able to create a new faculty, confessional as well as scientific in type, independent of the university.
Odland has always been interested in practical church work, became in 1885 a member of the board of directors of Lutherstiftelsen, and its president after it had become the " Norwegian Lutheran Society for Home Missions." In 1893 he was an editor of Luth. Ugeskrift, and since 1900 of Luthersk Kirketidende. He was also a member of the committee for the revision of the Norwegian translation of the New Testament (1896-1905). Among his works may be mentioned: Kristofer Janson og det Nye Testamente (1886); Kristofer Janson om solsagn og evangelierne (1894), directed against the only Norwegian Unitarian preacher of any fame in America; Jakobs Brev, indledet og fortolket (1889); Apostolatets Begreb og Oprindelse (1897).
John O. Evjen.
ODO (ODA): Archbishop of Canterbury; d. at Canterbury June 2, 959. He was possibly the son of a Dane in the army of Inguar (Ivar) which conquered the north of England in 867, and in early life embraced Christianity against the will of his father. He was adopted by the Saxon noble Mthelhelm, who had him baptized and educated; he showed such aptitude that he was early admitted to the priesthood. He secured the favor of King iEthelstan, who had him made bishop of Ramsbury in 927, and also employed him in a diplomatic mission. In 942 King Edmund offered to make him archbishop, but he declined on the ground that he was not a monk, and that the see should be held by a member of an order. He was induced to take the cowl, after which he was elevated to the see. He immediately occupied himself in the repair of the cathedral, the condition of which was almost ruinous. His occupation of the see was marked by strenuous efforts for the upbuilding of morals and care for the discipline of the cloisters. He was incessant in laboring for the betterment of treatment of the lower classes by nobles and the rich, for the performance of their duties by the clergy, and for observance by monks of the rules of the orders. He was especially interested in preventing marriages regarded as unlawful, especially of nuns and of near of kin; and he made it his duty to see that material provision was made for the benefit of the wife in case she were left a widow. He inspired Frithegode to write the metrical " Life of Wilfrid," for which he furnished the prose preface. He left behind him a reputation as a holy man of great influence, the protector of the weak, and, in the pursuit of this aim, regarded not at all the rank of those concerned.
Odo
(Ecolampadiua