RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Papal States Papebroch
trol, especially in Central Italy, was a help, and the earlier patrimony of Peter came into papal hands; so particularly Spoleto and the most 5. The Final of Pentapolis. The fall of imperial Stages. power in Italy and the strife over the crown in Germany worked to papal advantage. Otho IV confirmed to Innocent III. (q.v.) the grant of the old " patrimonium Petri," Ravenna, Pentapolis, Ancona, Spoleto, the lands of the Countess Matilda, the county of Bertinoro, with their adjoining territories, and Sicily; and this grant outlined the later extent of the " patrimonium." This is the first imperial recognition of the validity of the papal claims based on the Constantinian and Carolingian donations. To be sure, Otho and Frederick II. still exercised their powers in this territory; but after the death of the latter and in consequence of the victory of the papal party at Benevento in 1266, the pope came into full possession of all except Sicily. But again, toward the end of the thirteenth century, there came evil days upon the papacy. The parties of the Colonna, Orsini, Gsetani, Frangipani, Rienzi, and others fought out their quarrels in the chief cities, and some of the cities made themselves independent, while nobles in other parts of the territory seized possessions. After the death of Cola di Rienzi, Cardinal Albornoz attempted a reorganization of the papal lands by dividing them into vicariates; but little dynasties settled themselves in the various cities, fighting and defying the pope. Nicholas V. and Alexander VI. (qq.v.) began to reclaim these lands for the papacy, while Julius I. was the founder of the real Church-State, and the popes began to base their finances upon the financial strength of this Church-State. The times when the popes supported the costs of the Curia by levies upon the faithful come to an end. Paul III. (q.v.) levied a direct tax on the Church-State, and this Sixtus V. (q.v.) increased. The great bankers begin to be a part of the financial system; the great landowners did away with the little landowners, and the centralization of power wholly impoverished the population, which even yet is the poorest in Italy. The external history of this state from the time of Alexander VI. to the end of the eighteenth century is practically that of a number of families out of which the popes were chosen. Through their interest with the popes, these families sought first increase of power and later of wealth, while little gifts, like Parma and Piacenza to the Farnesi, lessened the area of the papal domain but little in the long run, as some of these gifts lapsed again to the Church. Napoleon in 1800 detached Ferrara, Bologna, and the Romagna from the Papal States, and undertook to do away altogether with the States of the Church. The Congress of Vienna reestablished them in 1814. In 1860 the greater part of the territories of the Church fell to the newly erected kingdom of Italy; Rome and its environs, secured for the Church only by France, became Italy's through the fall of Sedan in 1870, and papal dominion came to an end. Since then it has become clear how much harm temporal power has done the Church. The times of temporal prosperity through temporal rule have been the periods of the
Church's greatest weakness. The " prisoner of the Vatican " is more respected than the temporal ruler of the " patrimony " once was. The old " patrimony of Peter " is at an end; the new one rules beyond land and sea. (A. Beackmann.)
Bibliography: Of sources the chief is the Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, 2 vols., Paris, 1886-92, and T. Morumsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., vol. i., Berlin, 1898. Other sources are found in Regesta pontificum Romanorum, ed. P. Jaffe and W. Wattenbach, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1885-88; MGH, Epist., Berlin, 1887 sqq.; Codex Carolinus, in Monumenta Carolina, ed. P. Jaffe, Berlin, 1867; and the Regesta pontificum Romanorum, ed. A. Potthast, 2 vols., Berlin, 1874-75. A guide to the literature is Wattenbach, DGQ. Very rich sources are laid open in the MGH in its various departments, dealing with the history of the empire; A. Theiner, Codex diplomaticus dominii temporalis sanctce sedis, Rome, 1861; Liber censuum sanctat Romanai ecclesiat, ed. P. Fabre, part, i., Paris, 1889, part ii., ed. L. Duchesne, 1902; L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum scriptores, and Antiquitates Italicae medii osvi, Milan, 1723-51 (sources for the later Middle Ages). For the later period, the best material for the English reader is Ranke, Popes, while for the earlier period there is available the translation of Gre^orovius' great work, Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter, 8 vols., Stuttgart, 1886 sqq., the Eng. transl., London, 1901 sqq. Consult further: S. Sugenheim, Geschichte der Entstehung und Ausbildung des Kirchenstaates, Leipsic, 1854; R. Baxmann, Die Pontile der Papste, Elberfeld, 1868; M. Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaates, Gotha, 1880; P. Lanfey, Hist, politique des papes, Paris, 1880; J. Friedrich, Die constantinische Schenkung, Nordlingen, 1889; W. Martens, Die falsche Generalconcession Constantins, Munich, 1889; L. Duchesne, Les Premiere Temps de Vital pontifical (754-1073), Paris, 1898; F. Fournier, La Papaute devant Vhistoire, chaps, xxviii., xxxviii., xlix.-lii., xciv.-xcv., Paris, 1899; W. Barry, The Papal Monarchy from St. Gregory the Great to Boniface VIII., London, 1902; Mann, Popes, i. 2, pp. 301, 410^11, 467, iii. 293-294; the literature under the articles on the popes and other worthies named in the text. The earlier literature on the donations of Pippin and Charlemagne is given in L. Oelsner, Jahrbucher des frankischen Reiches unter Konig Pippin, p. 129, Leipsic, 1871; S. Abel, Jahrbucher des frankischen Reiches, ed. B. Simson, i. 156 sqq., ib. 1888; and W. Martens, Die romische Frage unter Pippin und Karl dem Grossen, pp. v.-ix., Stuttgart, 1881. Discussions of the genuineness of the donations named in the life of Hadrian I. are: J. Ficker, Forschungen zur Rechtsgeschichte Italiens, ii. 329 sqq., Innsbruck, 1869; T. Sickel, Das Privilegium Ottos I., pp. 132 sqq., Innsbruck, 1883; P. Scheffer-Boichorst in Mittheilungen des Instituts fur osterreichische Geschichtsforschung, iv (1885), 193-212; L. Duchesne, Liber pontificalis, i. 234 sqq., Paris, 1886. A large literature on the subject is indicated in Hauck-Herzog, RE, xiv. 767-769.
PAPEBROCH, pfl'pe-broH" (VAN PAPEN- BROEK), DANIEL: The second collaborator of Bolland in the compilation of his Acta Sanctorum (see Bolland, Jan, and the Bollandists) ; b. in Antwerp Mar. 17, 1628; d. there June 28, 1714. He made his vows as a Jesuit at Mechlin in 1648, and, after some years spent in teaching, was ordained priest in 1658. He was destined for the post of professor of philosophy at Antwerp, but had held this office only a year when he was called to assist Bolland in the work which was to occupy him for half a century. The greater part of the biographies from March to June inclusive are his work. He became involved in a controversy with the Carmelite order by his denial of its foundation by the prophet Elijah, which led to a denunciation of the Acta Sanctorum at Rome and before the Spanish Inquisition. He left a manuscript history of Antwerp from its foundation to the year 1200 (published at Antwerp, 5 vols., 1845^8).
Paphnutius Papias