RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Paramenta Parish and Pastor
and rector at St. John's, Clyde, N. Y. (1852-54), Zion, Pierrepont Manor, N. Y. (1854-65), St. Paul's, East Saginaw, Mich. (1865-67), Trinity, Elmira, N. Y. (1867-69), Christ Church, Williamsport, Pa. (1869-76), and the Church of the Epiphany, Washington, D. C. (1876-85). In 1885 he was consecrated sixth bishop of Maryland. He has written Pastoral Use of the Prayer Book (Baltimore, 1904) and Place and Function of the Sunday School in the Church (New York, 1906).
PARETJS, DAVID: Reformed theologian; b. at Frankenstein (39 m. s. of Breslau) Dec. 30, 1548; d. at Heidelberg June 15, 1622. After attending the schools of his native town, he was apprenticed to an apothecary and again to a shoemaker. In 1564 he entered the school of the learned Christoph Schilling at Hirschberg, whom he accompanied to Amberg, in 1566; but immediately entered the Collegium Sapientise, at Heidelberg. On May 13, 1571, he became pastor at Niederschlettenbach and six months later a teacher in the Psedagogiurn at Heidelberg. On Aug. 24, 1573, he resumed the pastorate in the previously Roman Catholic village of Hemsbach; where, with the consent of the congregation, he reconstructed the church status along Reformed lines. Dismissed from his office after the death of Frederick III., Pareus was appointed, in 1577, by Palsgrave Johann Casimir, pastor at Oggersheim. Transferred to Winzingen in 1580, he cultivated intimate acquaintance' with the teachers at the Casimirianum, in the neighboring Neustadt. After the death of Ludwig VI., Palsgrave Casimir, in Sept., 1584, called Pareus as teacher to the Collegium Sapiential, Heidelberg, the director of which he became in 1591, and, in 1598, he entered the theological faculty as teacher of the Old Testament and from 1602 until his death he taught the New Testament. His reputation as teacher increased from year to year, and attracted students from far and wide. From 1592, he belonged to the Palatinate church council. In his last years, Pareus was much afflicted with sickness. In Sept., 1621, as the Spanish troops approached the Palatinate, Pareus fled to Annweiler, and later to Neustadt. Then, when Elector Frederick V returned temporarily to the Palatinate, Pareus returned to Heidelberg, May 17, 1622, where he passed away. He was survived only by his son Philipp (1576-1648), who issued his father's writings, to which he prefixed a life (Frankfort, 1647).
Pareus began his literary activity in mature years, with the tract against the doctrine of ubiquity, Methodus ubiquitariw controversial (Neustadt, 1586). Some vexing polemical matter accompanied his issue of the Neustadter Bibel, 1587: an edition of Luther's translation, with appended table of contents and superscriptions. Jakob Andrea, in his Christliche Erinnerung (Tubingen, 1589), styled this publication an " arrant piece of knavery "; while Pareus, in Rettung der Neustadter Bibel (Neustadt, 1589), answered in a more moderate tone. Pareus further contended against Siegwart in Sieg der Neustddtischen Bibel (Neustadt, 1591), and with ^Egidius Hunnius, in 1593-99, who accused him of the judaizing error of the Reformed party, with VIIL— 23
Clypeus veritatis catholicce de sacrosancta trinitate and Orthodoxus Calvinus. He also issued various tracts against the papacy (1604-17). Despite these many literary battles, Pareus was by nature irenic, and much lamented the passionate wranglings of that age. His main task he assumed in positive, constructive activity; such as the many editions, after 1593, of his Summarische Erkldrung der Katholischen in der Churpfalz geubten Lehre; and especially his numerous commentaries on the Old and New Testament Scriptures (published 1605-18). Significant also was his pronounced wish, in 1603, though denied by the strict Calvinists, that, in connection with the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, the Reformed Churches might use the terms essentialiter et substantialiter, so as to approach the Lutheran teaching. His irenic spirit, however, appeared at its best in the famous Irenicum sive de unione et synodo evangelicorum liber votivus (Heidelberg, 1614- 1615). In this he proposes a general synod of all Evangelicals to unite the Lutherans and the Calvinists, who, he represents, were surely at one in every essential. On only one point, however, not affecting the foundation of belief, was there divergence. Why not forbear with erring brethren in love, and cease consuming one another in strife to the joy of the " papists" ? But this yearning appeal of Pareus brought little response from his contemporaries, and his overture for peace was rudely rejected by the Lutheran theologians Hutter and Siegwart. In his biography, Philipp Pareus lavished almost excessive praise upon his father; yet impartial posterity regards him as a pure character and a distinguished theologian, who, during an age of narrow-mindedness, preserved a broad outlook, and both courageously uttered and capably represented the recognized truth. Julius Ney.
Bibliography: The main source is the life by his son, prefixed to the collection of works, ut sup. Consult further, P. Bayle, Dictionary Historical and Critical, iv. 471-475, London, 1737.
PARIS POLYGLOT. See Bibles, Polyglot, III. PARIS, UNIVERSITY OF. See Universities, § 2. PARISH AND PASTOR.
Pre-Parochial Period (§ 1).
Rise of the Parish (§2).
Nature and History of Medieval Parishes (§ 3).
Canonical and Protestant Theory (§ 4).
The Roman Catholic Parish and Rector (§ 5).
The German Lutheran Parish (§ 6).
Until the middle of the third century the one pastor of the faithful was the bishop, who controlled the churches in the cities, while those in the country were administered by the Chorepiscopus (q.v.), except in Egypt, which seems to have had a sort of presbyterial organization. About 250
Fabian divided the church at Rome i. Pre-Paro- into fourteen districts (corresponding chial Period, to the " regions " of the city), each
under a deacon or subdeacon, the primary object being the care of the poor; in the second half of the fourth century, there were more than forty churches in Rome. In this same century baptism could be administered only by the bishop, and by him only in the baptistery of the Lateran, and not until the end of the fifth century
Parish and Pastor