RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Parish and Pastor Parker
and Reformed) everywhere enjoy a special measure of state privileges, is due to their historic position and their public importance. But in many of the German states, they alone possess the full measure of religious exercise. [For discussion of the subject in relation to other countries than Germany see Liberty, Religious.] (E. Sehling.)
Bibliogbaphy: See under Liberty, Religious.
PARK, EDWARDS AM AS A: American Congregationalist; b. at Providence, R. I., Dec. 29, 1808; d. at Andover, Mass., June 4, 1900. His father, Calvin Park, was a professor in Brown University, and the son graduated there in 1826; and, after a period of teaching, entered Andover Seminary, graduating in 1831. He then became colleague pastor of Richard Salter Storrs (2d) at Braintree, Mass., and during the next two years rose to the rank of one of the ablest preachers of the day; transferred, however, to Amherst College as professor of mental and moral philosophy, he became eminent as a teacher (1835-36). He was called to Andover in 1836 as professor of sacred rhetoric, which position he filled with great success and personal satisfaction till 1847, when, by a general demand of the students and friends of the seminary and the nomination of his predecessor, he was transferred to the chair of systematic theology, which he filled till 1881. Andover Seminary was in those days the chief seminary of the Congregational churches, and Professor Park made the New England Theology (q.v.), of which he was a consummate master and the greatest representative, the dominant school of thought in the Congregationalism of his time. That theology is summarily set forth in the creed of Andover Seminary (cf. his pamphlet, The Associate Creed of Andover Theological Seminary, Boston, 1883), and also in his famous sermon upon The Theology of the Intellect and that of the Feelings (reprinted in the Bibliotheca Sacra). This sermon led to an epoch-making controversy with Prof. Charles Hodge of Princeton, which did much to bring the new school to a consciousness of itself and establish it firmly in the convictions and life of the churches. The long and laborious Andover life was broken by three seasons of travel in Europe and the orient, during which he greatly enlarged his acquaintance with German theology and philosophy, of which he was a master. In 1844, with Prof. B. B. Edwards, he founded the Bibliotheca Sacra, of which he continued to be editor forty years. It was from the beginning a "sacred library " for the publication and preservation of valuable material not likely to be elsewhere attainable, a keen theological review, and an agency for the propagation of a sound theology. But his contributions to theological periodicals began much earlier and embraced a wide field. He wrote also a large number of memoirs of friends and of theological leaders, of which the most important are those of Samuel Hopkins (Boston, 1852) and Nathaniel Emmons (Boston, 1861). His other principal works were The Sabbath Hymn Book (in connection with Prof. Austin Phelps and Lowell Mason (New York, 1858), The Atonement, Discourses and Treatises, etc., with an Introductory Essay (Boston,
1860), and Discourses on some Theological Doctrines as Related to the Religious Character (Andover, 1885). From 1881 to his death, he lived in retirement in Andover, daily engaged in literary work, and largely occupied in the preparation of his theology for publication; but he seems to have destroyed his manuscript, for after his death nothing was found in condition for publication. The enthusiasm which he excited as a teacher was unequalled, and whatever his other claims to the memory of posterity, evidenced by his almost unexampled popularity in many different lines among his contemporaries, his greatest is the profound influence he exercised from the professor's chair. See New England Theology, V., § 3.
Frank Hugh Foster. Bibliography: F. H. Foster, Genetic Hist, of the New England Theology, chap, xvii., Chicago, 1907; idem, in Bibliotheca Sacra, lx (1903), 672 sqq., Ixi (1904), 61 sqq., 272 sqq., 511 sqq.; W. Walker, Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism, New York, 1893; idem, in American Church History Series, vol. iii., ib. 1894; idem, Ten New England Leaders, passim, ib. 1901; Professor Park and his Pupils. A biographical Sketch, with Letters received on his ninetieth Birthday, Boston, 1899; and articles in the Bibliotheca Sacra as follows: lviii (1901), 187 sqq., by G. F. Wright; the same, pp. 338 sqq., by A. Hovey and J. Cook; and the same, pp. 540 sqq., by G. W. Boardman; lx (1903), 201 sqq., by J. E. Rankin.
PARKER, EDWARD MELVILLE: Protestant Episcopal bishop coadjutor of New Hampshire; b. at Cambridge, Mass., July 11, 1855. He was educated at Keble College, Oxford (B.A., 1878), and was ordered deacon in 1879 and priested two years later. He was a master at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H. (1872-1905) and was also priest in charge of St. John's, Dunbarton, N. H. (1881- 1905). In 1906 he was consecrated bishop coadjutor of New Hampshire.
PARKER, EDWIN POND: Congregationalist; b. at Castine, Me., Jan. 13, 1836. He was graduated from Bowdoin College, 1856, and from Bangor Theological Seminary, 1859; became pastor of the Second Congregational Church, Hartford, Conn., 1860, with which organization he has remained in active service ever since. He is the author of Song Flowers for the Sunday School and Social Meeting (Hartford, 1868); Sunday-School Hymnal (New York, 1880); History of the Second Church of Christ in Hartford (Hartford, 1893); and Appreciation of Calvin Chapin, D.D., of Rocky Hill, Conn, (privately printed, 1909), besides sermons of a commemorative or historical character. Of his hymns that beginning " Master, no offering costly and sweet," is perhaps most widely used.
PARKER, JOSEPH: English Congregationalist; b. in Hexham (20 m. e. of Newcastle), Northumberland, England, Apr. 9, 1830; d. in London Nov. 28, 1902. His father was a stone-mason, and his mother was distinguished for her simple faith and life. Through his father, young Parker had a strong infusion of Irish blood which accounted for much in his mental powers, his oratory, and life. His early education, received at three different schools, was supplemented by private study in mathematics, Latin, and Greek. From his earliest years he was under religious influence, and when in his teens
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