RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Pastoral Life Pastoral Theology
suitable for sacrifice; parah " cow," 'egel " heifer," and 'eglah " calf," are other terms used). They require good pasturage with abundant water, such as is afforded by the plains. As work-animals they were universally used by farmers. The breed found in the south to-day is rough and unattractive, and usually black or brown. In Galilee neat-cattle are light in color and of better stock. The first-mentioned breed is the most ancient in Palestine. The East Indian cattle (bos bubalis) were not introduced till post-Biblical times. For the farmer neat-cattle were indispensable for plowing, harrowing, and threshing; were used also as beasts of burden; and were valued for purposes of slaughter. In early times beef was a more common element of diet than to-day, not for the small farmers, indeed, but for the rich in the cities (Gen. xviii. 7; I Sam. xxviii. 24; Amos vi. 4; Luke xv. 30). Among animals used for sacrifice (q.v.) the ox or bullock was considered the choicest, especially for festal occasions (Num. xxiii. 1 sqq.) and sin offerings (Ex. xxix. 1; Lev. iv. 3, 14; xvi. 3, 6, 11).
III. Shepherds: The people whom the Old Testament describes as shepherds are not those husbandmen who keep a few head of large and small cattle for themselves; but rather such persons as follow herding for their principal vocation, i.e., the great proprietors such as Nabal, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the keepers of the flocks. The great owners did not personally attend to the care of the herd but employed their appointed keepers, or shepherds, who were usually free hired servants — less frequently, slaves. Their status in relation to
the proprietor is minutely regulated in the law (cf. Ex. xxii. 4, 9-12; cf. Amos iii. 12; Gen. xxxi. 38; etc.); and in a manner substantially accordant with the primitive legal customs embodied in the code of Hammurabi (q.v.). The shepherd's calling was decidedly fatiguing (cf. Gen. xxxi. 40). He had to keep his charges together, to find the lost and strayed ones, to nurse the sick, bind up the wounded, carry the wearied lamb, draw water for his flock, protect them against wild beasts, etc. (Gen. xxxi. 38 sqq.; I Sam. xvii. 34 sqq.; Isa. xl. 11; Ezek. xxxiv. 3-16). At evening the flocks were driven into folds and pens, constructed along rough stone walls, and affording protection against wild beasts (Gen. xlix. 14; Num. xxxii. 16, 24, 36; Judges v. 16; Ps. 1. 9; Mic. ii. 12; Hab. iii. 17). Wealthier proprietors erected watch-towers in the sheepfold (Gen. xxxv. 21; etc.). The shepherd's outfit was simple; a common shepherd's pouch for his victuals (I Sam. xvii. 40), a shepherd's rod (Mic. vii. 14), which was also his chief weapon, a sling (I Sam. xvii. 40), and the indispensable shepherd's pipe or flute (Judges v. 16). He was aided in his watch by sheep dogs (Job xxx. 1). I. Benzingek.
Bibliography: H. B. Tristram, Fauna and Flora of Palestine, London, 1884; idem, Natural History of the Bible, ut sup.; R. F. Burton and C. F. T. Drake, Unexplored Syria, i. 341-342, London, 1872; J. G. Wood, Bible Animals, ib. 1883; L. Anderlind, in ZDPV. ix (1886), i. 73; E. Day, Social Life of the Hebrews, New York, 1901 ; V. Hehn, Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere, Berlin, 1902; C. Hart, Fauna and Flora of Sinai, London, PEF; Benzinger, Archaologie, pp. 138-139; DB, i. 362, ii. 195-196, iv. 486-487; EB, i. 710-715, ii. 1742-45, iv, 4440-42; JE, iii. 626-627, v. 686, xi. 250-251, 284.
I. The Cure of Souls.
Roman Catholic Interpretation (§1).
Principle and Practise of the Reformers (§ 2).
Influence of Pietism and Modern Thought and Events (§ 3).
Cure of Souls the Duty of All Christians (§4).
Cooperation of Pastor and Congregation (§ 5).
PASTORAL THEOLOGY.
Cure of Souls Analogous, not to
Pedagogy, but to Medicine (§6). Means to be Adapted to Individual
Needs (§ 7). Paracletic or Consolatory Cure of
Souls (§8). Paideutic or Corrective Cure of
Souls (§ 9). Didactic or Instructive Cure of
Souls (§10).
II. The Parish and Minister. The Candidate (§ 1). Relations of Pastoral Work to
Preaching (§ 2). Pastoral Visits (§3). Relations to Church Officers and
Organizations (§4). The Pastor's Study (§5). The Sacraments and Devotional
Meetings (§ 6).
Practical theology (q.v.), itself one of four divisions of the science of theology (exegetical, historical, doctrinal or systematic, and practical), is divided into four parts, Homiletics (q.v.) catechetics (see Catechesis, Catechetics), Liturgies (q.v.), and poimenics or pastoral theology, with which last this article is concerned.
I. The Cure of Souls: [The expression "cure (i.e., care) of souls " (Lat. cura animarum), originally a technical term of canon law, is defined as " the activity for the salvation of immortal souls in a definite, prescribed locality, exercised in conformity with the laws given by God and the Church and resting on legitimate commission " (KL, xi. 62). The phrase is now used in English chiefly by the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches, connoting the charge on a priest or clergyman to supply the spiritual needs of his parishioners, and implying especially the right of administering the sacraments. On this ground benefices are distinguished as those
with and those without the cure of souls (curata and non curata; see Benefice.)]
The cure of souls in the wider sense is the foundation and aim of all vital activities of the Church both toward those within and those without the fold. A distinction is made between the cure of souls in a comprehensive and a narrower sense, the former exerted over the congregation or church as a whole, the latter having as its object the individual members of the congregation. Of the several terms which have been used to designate the special cure of souls as a distinct theological discipline, poimenics (from the Gk. poimen, " a shepherd, pastor ") seems especially commendable.
The discharge of the pastoral cure is interpreted according to the conception of the spiritual office and its relation to the congregation; herein consists the fundamental difference as to the cure of souls in the Roman Catholic and in the Evangelical Churches. The Roman priest is the organ of the
Pastoral Theology