THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1901; S. Means, St. Paul and the Ante-Nicene Church, London, 1903; B. W. Bacon, The Story of St. Paul: a Comparison of Acts and Epistles, Boston, 1904; W. G. Jordan, The Philippian Gospel; Pauline Ideals, New York, 1904; T. Nageli, Der Wortschatz des Apostels Paulus, Gottingen, 1905 (on Paul and the development of the Greek language, Paul and the Greek O. T. and Paul and the epistles ascribed to him; the most important recent contribution on Paul); D. Volter, Paulus und seine Brief e, Strasburg, 1905; S. Monteil, Essai sur la christologie de S. Paul, Paris, 1906; W. P. Du Bose, The Gospel according to St. Paul, New York, 1907; E. Moske, Die Bekehrunt des heil. Paulus. Eine exegetisch-kritische Untersuchung, Minister, 1907; J. M. Campbell, Paul the Mystic, New York, 1908; W. E. Chadwick, Social Teaching of St. Paul, London, 1906; idem, Pastoral Teaching of St. Paul, Edinburgh, 190S; G. Munzinger, Paulus in Korinth. Neue Wege zum Verstandnis des Urchristentums, Heidelberg, 1908; F. Prat, La Theologie de S. Paul, part i., Paris, 1908; A. T. Robertson, Epochs in the Life of Paul: a Study of Development in Paul's Career, New York, 1909; C. E. Woods, The Gospel of Rightness. A Study in Pauline Philosophy, London, 1909; A. B. D. Alexander, The Ethics of St. Paul, Glasgow, 1910; J. Moffatt, Paul and Paulinism, Boston, 1910.
II. Questions of criticism on the writings of Paul are, of course, discussed in the works on Biblical introduction — cf. the literature in and under that article, on the canon (e.g., Zahn's), and on early Christian literature (e.g., Harnack's Geschichte) . Consult further: G. G. Findlay, Epistles of Paul the Apostle, New York, 1893; P. Gloag, Introduction to the Pauline Epistles, Edinburgh, 1876; C. H. Waller, Handbook to the Epistles of Paul, London, 1887; M. Krenkel, Beitrage zur Aufhellung der Geschichte und der Brief e des Paulus, Brunswick, 1890; D. Volter, Die Komposition der paulinischen Hauptbriefe, part i., Tubingen, 1890; P. V. Schmidt, Der Galaterbrief im Feuer der neuesten Kritik, Leipsic, 1892; C. Clemen, Die Chronologie der paulinischen Briefe, Halle, 1893; idem, Die Einheitlichkeit der paulinischen Briefe, Gottingen, 1894; F. J. A. Hort, Prolegomena to , . . Romans and Ephesians, London, 1895; H. Liseo, Entstehung des 2. Korintherbriefes, Berlin, 1896; R. D. Shaw, The Pauline Epistles, Edinburgh, 1901; W. Kelly, Short Introduction to the Epistles of Paul, London, 1902; C. G. Baskerville, Side-Lights on the Epistle to the Ephesians, London, 1903; J. D. James, Genuineness and Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles, London, 1906; A. Steinmann, Die Abfassungszeit des Galaterbriefes, Minister, 1906; W. C. Van Manen, Die Unechtheit des Romer-briefes, Leipsic, 1906; D. Round, The Date of St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, Cambridge, 1907; A. Steinmann, Der Leserkreis des Galaterbriefes, Minister, 1908; W. Liitgert, Freiheitspredigt und Schwarmgeister in Korinth, Giltersloh, 1908; idem, Die Irrlehre der Pastoralbriefe, ib. 1909; R. Scott, The Pauline Epistles; A Critical Study, Edinburgh, 1909; A. Schlatter, Eri&uterungen zum Neuen Testament, vol. iii., Die Briefe des Paulus, Stuttgart, 1909; H. B. Brumbaugh, Onesimus the Runaway Slave, Elgin, 111., 1910.
Among commentaries are those which cover the whole Bible or the New Testament, such as: Lange's, Eng. transl.. New York, 1869 sqq.; Meyer's, Eng. transl., New York, 1873 sqq.; Cambridge Bible for Schools, Cambridge, 1879 sqq.; Bible Commentary, London, 1881; P. Schaff, Popular Commentary, New York, 1882-83; Pulpit Commentary, London and New York, 1883 sqq.; Cambridge Greek Testament, Cambridge, 1887 sqq.; Expositor's Bible, London and New York, 1888 sqq.; Handkommentar zum Neuen Testament, Freiburg, 1892-93; Kurzgefasster Kommentar, Munich, 1893 sqq.; International Critical Commentary, Edinburgh and New York, 1895 sqq. (in progress); T. Zahn's Kommentar zum Neuen Testament, Leipsic, 1903 sqq.; add C. J. Ellicott's Handy Commentary, New York, 1880.
Commentaries on all or on groups of the Pauline epistles: B. Jowett (on Romans, Galatians, and Thessalonians), best ed., London. 1859; A. F. Manoury, 4 vols., Paris, 1878-81; K. Heydt, 2 vols., Elberfeld, 1882; J. B. Lightfoot, Colossians and Philemon, London, 1886; J. A. Beet, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Philemon, London, 1890; H. Oltramnre (Romans, 2 vols.), Geneva, 1882, (Colossians, Ephesians, Philemon, 3 vols.), Paris, 1891— 1892; J. Drummond, Epistles of Paul the Apostle, Boston, 1899; E. Haupt, Die Gefangenschaftsbriefe, Gottingen.
1899; W. G. Moorhead, Outline Studies in Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, and Ephesians, Chicago, 1902' R. D. Shaw, The Pauline Epistles, Edinburgh, 1903; J. B. Lightfoot, Notes on Epistles of St. Paul, London, 1904; J. E Belser (on Timothy and Titus and Ephesians), Freiburg' 1907-08; W. G. Rutherford, St. Paul's Epistles to the Thessalonians and to the Corinthians, London, 1908.
On Romans: A. Tholuck, Berlin, 1856, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1848; R. Haldane, New York, 1870; W. s! Plumer, London, 1871; T. Robinson, 2 vols., ib. 1871; G. Volkmer, Zurich, 1875; M. Stuart, Andover, 1876; F. A. Philippi, Frankfort, 1866, Eng. transl., 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1878-79; W. G. T. Shedd, New York, 1879; F. Godet, 2 vols., Paris, 1883-90, Eng. transl., of earlier ed., 2 vols., 1880-81; J. A. Beet, London, 1882; F. Moulinie, Geneva, 1883; E. Boehmer, Bonn, 1886; C. Hodge, Philadelphia, 1886; C. J. Vaughan, London, 1890; H. B. Liddon, ib. 1893; W. Sanday and A. C. Headlam, Edinburgh and New York, 1895; F. Spitta, Gottingen, 1901; P. Feine, ib. 1903; H. Hoffmann, Leipsic, 1903; G. Stockhardt, St. Louis, 1907.
On Corinthians: J. E. Osiander, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1847-58; A. Neander, Berlin, 1859; C. Hodge, 2 vols., New York, 1860; A. Klopper, Berlin, 1874; G. Heinrici, 2 vols., ib. 1880-87; A. P. Stanley, London, 1882; J. A. Beet, ib. 1885; T. C. Edwards, Edinburgh, 1885; J. J. Lias, London, 1886 (on I Cor.); J. F. Rabiger, Breslau, 1886; E. P. Gould, Philadelphia, 1888; C. J. Ellicott, London, 1887 (on I Cor.); F. Godet, 2 vols., Paris, 1886- 1887, Eng. transl., 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1886-87 (on I Cor.); W. Kay, London, 1887; H. H. Henson, ib. 1898; H. Couard, Potsdam, 1901; A. Schafer, Minister, 1903;
F. S. Gutjahr, Graz, 1907 (II Corinthians); G. H. Rendall, London, 1909; J. E. McFadyen, New York, 1909; A. MacLaren, London, 1909; P. Bachmann, Leipsic, 1909 (II Corinthians).
On Galatians: J. B. Lightfoot, London, 1895; H. A. Schott, Leipsic, 1834; F. Windischmann, Mainz, 1843 (Roman Catholic); A. Hilgenfeld, Leipsic, 1852; C. Wieseler, Gottingen, 1859; G. B. Winer, Leipsic, 1859;
G. J. Gwynne, Dublin, 1863; G. W. Matthias, Cassel, 1865; J. Eadie, Glasgow, 1869; J. Venn, London, 1878; J. A. Beet, ib. 1885; R. Steck, Berlin, 1888; G. B. Stevens, Hartford, 1890; J. Drummond, London, 1893; W. M. Ramsay, ib. 1899; E. S. Askwith, ib. 1899; V Weber, Freiburg, 1901; B. W. Bacon, London and New York, 1909; A. L. Williams, London, 1910; H. Lietzmann, Tubingen, 1910.
On Ephesians: B. F. Westcott, London, 1906; F. A. Holzhausen, Hanover, 1833; R. Stier, Berlin, 1848; A. Harless, Erlangen, 1858; J. Eadie, Edinburgh, 1861; A. Monod, Paris, 1867; C. Hodge, New York, 1883; E. Ernst, Herbenthal, 1890; A. Klopper, Gottingen, 1891 ; R. W. Dale, London, 1892; J. Macpherson, Edinburgh, 1892; E. Krukenberg, Giitersloh, 1902; G. H. Whitaker, London, 1902; J. A. Robinson, ib. 1903; E. F. Stroeter, London, 1909.
On Philippians: J. B. Lightfoot, London, 1895 (epochal);
A. Klopper, 1893; A. Rilliet, Geneva, 1841; B. Weiss, Berlin, 1859; W. Hoyt, New York, 1883; J. Eadie, Edinburgh, 1884; C. J. Vaughan, 1885: J. Hutchinson, Edinburgh, 1887; H. C. G. Moule, London, 1889; H. von Soden, Tubingen, 1906; N. Bachmann, Light in Dark Places; or. Lectures on . . . Philippians, Richmond, 1910.
On Colossians: J. B. Lightfoot, London, 1895; F. Bahr, Basel, 1833; W. Bohmer, Berlin, 1835; W. Steiger, Erlangen, 1835; E. T. Mayerhoff, Berlin, 1838; J. E. Hather, Hamburg, 1841; F. Bleek, Berlin, 1865; A. Klopper, Berlin, 1882; J. Eadie, Edinburgh, 1884; J. Rutherford, London, 1908.
On Thessalonians: E. Headland and H. B. Swete, London, 1866; A. Koch, Berlin, 1849; J. Eadie, London, 1877; J. Hutchison, Edinburgh, 1884; P. Schmidt, Berlin, 1886 (on I. Thess.); A. Klopper, Konigsberg, 1SS9; G. Wohlenberg, Leipsic, 1903; G. Milligan, London, 190S; E. von Dobschutz, new ed., Gottingen, 1909.
On the pastoral epistles: K. Knoke, 2 vols., Gottingen, 1887-89; F. C. Baur, Stuttgart, 1835; C. S. Matthies, Greifswald, 1840; M. J. Mack, Tubingen, 1841; P. Fairbairn, Edinburgh, 1874; G. Cuivier, Geneva, 1876; W. Bahnsen, Leipsic, 1876 (II Tim.); H. J. Holtzmann, Leipsic, 1880; H. Kolling, Berlin, 1882 (I Tim.); E. Krukenberg, Giitersloh, 1901; J. P. Lilley, Edinburgh, 1901;
B. Weiss, Gottingen, 1902; A. Schlatter, Calw, 1904; A. Schumann, Leipaic, 1908 (Philemon),