THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
issued, besides the publications above mentioned, The Young Catholic, a magazine for juveniles, and The Missionary, devoted to the interests of the mission work in which a large number of the fathers are always actively engaged. At present (1910), besides the mother house, church, school, etc., in New York and a house of studies at the Catholic University in Washington, the Paulists have establishments in San Francisco, Chicago, Winchester, Tenn., Berkeley, Cal., and Austin, Tex. In the two lastnamed towns the Paulist communities were established chiefly in the interests of the Roman Catholic students who attend the state universities there located. The congregation has a total membership of 64 fathers, 21 students, and 10 postulants.
James F. Driscoll.
Bibliography: The literature under Hecker, Isaac Thoiias; L. W. Reilly, in American Ecclesiastical Review, Sept., 1S97; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, iii. 498-500; Currier, Religious Orders, pp. 628—630.
PAUL THE DEACON (PAULUS DIACONUS):
Italian historian; b. probably at Cividale (65 m. n.e. of Venice) between 720 and 730; d. in the monastery of Monte Cassino (q.v.; 85 m. s.e. of Rome) Apr. 13, 799. He was a learned and amiable man. He long lived at the court of the duke of Benevento Arichis and his wife Adelperga, the daughter of the last Lombard king, for w7hom he performed literary services. One of these was to expand Eutropius and at the same time Christianize it, continuing it to the middle of the sixth century. This compilation was for nearly one thousand years the historical text-book of Western Europe. He also wrote much verse. The evils of the times drove him to enter the Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino in 774. In 782 he is first spoken of as " Paul the Deacon," and by this name he has since been known. In 782 he went to France to secure from Charlemagne the release of his brother and seems to have been successful . Thus he made the acquaintance of Charlemagne and so came into his service in various ways, and was called upon by him to produce works in prose and verse, including a collection of homilies, some original, which proved a great success and for many years supplied the wants of the Western Church; a philological treatise of curious interest; many poems and other works. But at last Paul was allowed to leave the imperial service, and from 786 to his death lived in the quiet of Monte Cassino. There he wrote that " History of the Lombards " which is his chief title to fame.
Bibliography: At the celebration of the eleventh centenary of Paul held at Cividale Sept. 3-5, 1899, preparations were made looking to a collection of all his works to supersede that in MPL, xcv. As yet the only result is C. Cipolla's Note bibliografiche, Venice, 1901. Recent editions of some of his works are: the Historia Romana, ed. H. Droysen in MGH, Auct. Ant., ii (1879), 4-182, 185- 224; the Liber de episcopis Mettensibus, ed. G. H. Pertz. in MGH, Script., ii (1829), 260-268; Vita . Gregorii I., ed. H. Grisar, in ZKT, xi (1887), 162-172; Historia Langobardorum, ed. L. Bethmann and G. Waitz in MGH, Script, rer. Langob., 1878, pp. 12-187; the Carmina, ed. E. Diimmler in MGH, Poet. Lat awi Car., i (1881), 35-86; the Epistolm, ed. E. Diimmler, in MGH, Epist., iv (1895), 505-516; a critical edition of the " Poems " by K. Neff, Munich, 1908. An excellent Eng. transl. of the Historia Langobardorum by W. D. Foulke appeared, Philadelphia, 1907, containing also a good list of literature and a life of Paul.
For the earlier works on Paul the student must refer to Potthast, Wegweiser, pp. 899-905, where manuscripts, editions, and critical works are given with remarkable fulness. Mention may be made here of F. Dahn, Paidus Diaconus, Leipsic, 1876; R. Jacobi, Die Quellen der Langobardengeschichte des Paulus Diaconus, Halle, 1877; T. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vols, vii.-viii., London, 1896-99; Hauck, KD, ii. 158-164; Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 401, 432, 677 sqq.; Bethmann, in Archiv der Gesellschaft filr altere deutsche Geschichtskunde, x. 247-414' Mommsen, in NA, iii. 185-189, v. 51-103; Waitz, in NA, v. 417-424.
PAUL, SAINT, BROTHERHOOD OF. See Methodists, IV., 1, § 10.
PAUL, SAINT, HERMITS OF: A monastic order which existed in Hungary, Portugal, and France, and in each had a different origin. The members are known also as the Fathers (or Brothers) of Death. The Hungarian order arose about 1250 by the union of the hermits of Patach and Pisilia. In 1215 Bishop Bartholomaus of Funfkirchen had united the hermits of his diocese in the cloister of St. Jacob of Patach; in 1246 the hermit Eusebius of Gran returned with associates from the desert and built a cloister in Pisilia in 1250. The same year the two communities united and the congregation thus formed was confirmed by Bishop Ladislaus of Funfkirchen. In 1308 the community accepted the Augustinian rule and took its name from St. Paul the Hermit (of Thebes). The order became strong and built up 170 monasteries, spreading to Germany, Poland, Sweden, and elsewhere. In Hungary its schools did good service. But in the Turkish war the houses were" destroyed, and there exists now only the house at Czenstochau in Russian Poland (a celebrated place of pilgrimage), and the two houses of Rupella and Lesniow in the diocese of Cracow.
The Portuguese order was founded at Setuval by Mendo Gomez about 1420, and confirmed with the Augustinian rule by Gregory XIII. in 1578. It has lapsed and has no special significance.
The French order seems to have arisen about the beginning of the seventeenth century, and its statutes, by Guillaume Callier, were approved by Pope Paul V., and the erection of houses was permitted by Louis XIII. Among the obligations were visiting of the sick, care for prisoners, attendance of the condemned to the place of execution, and burial of the dead. The whole life was to be conditioned by the thought of death, the greeting was memento mori, at meal-times a skull was kissed, and a black scapulary was worn with a skull on it. This branch was suppressed by Urban VIII.
(G. Grutzmacher.)
Bibliography: Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, ii. 231-233; Helyot, Ordres monastiques, iii. 324 sqq.; A. Eggerer, Frogmen panis Corvi proto-Eremiei, siye reliquia? annalium eremi-camobiticorum Fratrum. Eremitarum Sancti Pauli, Vienna, 1663, continuation by M. Borkovich and N. Benger, Pressburg, 1743; F. Bossl, Paulus Thebaus, Neustadt, 1749; Currier, Religious Orders, pp. 327-328.
PAUL OF SAMOSATA. See Monarchianism, IV., §§ 2-3.
PAUL OF THEBES. See Monasticism, I., § 4.
PAULA, SAINT: Pupil and companion of Jerome; b. probably at Rome in 347; d. at Bethlehem in 404. She was a woman of unusually ifotin-