RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Feasants' War Peoock
estimated that in all at least 150,000 perished. The economic loss which Germany suffered by this catastrophe is incalculable; and the peasantry, impoverished, dejected, and exposed to severer servitude than ever, issued from the insurrection to face a well-nigh hopeless future. (W Vogt.)
Bibliography: The subject is necessarily treated in most of the works on the Reformation in Germany. Special works are: Cambridge Modern History, ii. 174-194, Cambridge, 1904 (excellent bibliography, pp. 752-754); W. Wachsmuth, Der deutsche Bauernkrieg, Leipsic, 1834; H. M. Bensen, Geschichte des Bauemkrieges in Ostfranken, Erlangen, 1840; K. Kliipfel, Urkunden zur Geschichte des schwabischen Bundes, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1846; J. E. Jorg, Deutschland in der Revolutionsperiode, 1622-26, Freiburg, 1851; W. Zimmerman, Allgemeine Geschichte des grossen Bauemkrieges, 3 vols., Stuttgart, 1856; idem, Grosser deutscher Bauernkrieg, Stuttgart, 1907; C. A. Cornelius, Studien zur Geschichte des Bauemkrieges, Munich, 1861; H. Schreiber, Der deutsche Bauernkrieg, 3 vols., Freiburg, 1863-66; A. Stern, Ueber die Zwblf Artikel der Bauern, Leipsic, 1868; K. Zollner, Zur Vorgeschichte des Bauernkriegs, Dresden, 1872; L. Friess, Geschichte des Bauemkrieges in Ostfranken, 2 vols., Wiirzburg, 1876-83; F. L. Baumann, Quellen zur Geschichte des Bauemkrieges in Ober-Schwaben, Stuttgart, 1879; idem, Die Z wolf Artikel der oberschwabischen Bauern, Kempten, 1896; idem, Akten zur Geschichte Bauemkrieges aus Oberschwaben, Freiburg, 1881; P. Harer, Beschreibung des Bauemkrieges, Halle, 1881; W. H. Hutton, The Disturbances which Accompanied the Reformation in Germany, Oxford, 1881; A. Czerny, Der erste Bauemauf stand in Obervsterreich 1525, Linz, 1882; R. Neumann, Zur Geschichte des Bauemkrieges, Frankfort, 1882; C. Hartfelder, Zur Geschichte des Bauemkriegs in Siidwest Deutschland, Stuttgart, 1884; J. N. Sepp, Der bayerische Bauernkrieg, Munich, 1884; W. Vogt, Die Vorgeschichte des Bauemkrieges, Halle, 1887; idem, Die bayrische Politik in Bauernkriege, Nordlingen, 1883 (chiefly against Jorg); idem, Die Korrespondenz des Schwabischen Bundes-Hauptmanns, 1624—27, 4 parts, Augsburg, 1879-83; F. Leist, Quellenbeitrage zur Geschichte des Bauernaufruhrs in Salzburg, Salzburg, 1888; F. von Bezold, Der Bauernkrieg, Berlin, 1890; J. Loserth, Die Stadt Waldshut und die vorderbsterreichische Regierung in 1523-26, Vienna, 1891; J. Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes, 8 vols., Freiburg, 1892-94, Eng. transl., 12 vols., St. Louis, 1896-1907; K. F. Lehnert, Studien zur Geschichte der Zwblf Artikel vom Jahre 1525, Halle, 1894; K. Krebs, Beitrage und Urkunden zur deutschen Geschichte, Leipsic, 1895; A. Nabholz, Bauernbewegung in d. Ost. Schweiz, 1524-25, Zurich, 1896; C. Kautsky, Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation, London, 1897; E. B. Bax, The Peasants' War in Germany, London, 1899; W. Stolze, Zur Vorgeschichte des Bauemkrieges, Leipsic, 1900; idem, Der deutsche Bauernkrieg, Halle, 1907; W. Lucke, Die Entstehung der " 15 Bundesgenossen" des J oh. Eberlinvon Gilnzburg, Halle, 1902; B. Sastrow, Social Germany in Luther's Time, Westminster, 1902; J. Guerber, Bauern und Schwedenkonig in Elsass, Strasburg, 1905; P. Vinogradoff, Roman Law in Mediaeval Europe, London, 1909.
PECHENARD, PIERRE LOUIS: Roman Catholic; b. at Gespunsart, near Charleville (48 m. n.e. of Reims), France, Dec. 5, 1842. He received his education at the petit seminaire of Charleville and Reims, the grand seminaire at Reims, and the Ecole des Carmes, Paris; was made priest in 1868; was cure of La Neuville-aux-Tourneurs, 1869-72; associate professor in the petit seminaire at Reims, 1872-73; professor of history in the college at Charleville, 1873-76; superior of the petit seminaire at Reims, 1876-80; vicar-general of the archdiocese of Reims, 1880-1896; rector of the Institut catholique of Paris, 1896-1907; and was made bishop of Soissons 1906. His principal writings deal with local history or biography or with the history of institutions. Among them may be noted: Jean
Juvenal des Ursins, archeveque de Reims (Paris, 1876; crowned by the academy of Reims); De schola Remensi decimo scecido (1876); Histoire de Gespunsart (1878; new ed., 1906); Histoire de I'abbaye d'Igny (1883); Histoire de la congregation de Notre- Dame de Reims (2 vols., Reims, 1886) ; Histoire de La Neuville-aux-Tourneurs (1887); De Reims d, Jerusalem (1891) ; Etude historique sur les conferences ecclesiastiques (Paris, 1896); L'ImmacuUe Conception dans I'ancienne universite de Paris (1905) ; L' Institut catholique de Paris, 1875-1907 (1907); Vers V action (1907); and Panegyrique du bienheureux Jean de Montmirail (1909) .
PECKHAM, JOHN: Archbishop of Canterbury; b. probably at Lewes (1 m. n.e. of Brighton), Sussex, in 1240 or earlier; d. at Mortlake (9 m. w.s.w. of St. Paul's, London, Mar. 20, 1292. He was educated at Oxford where he spent some time in the Franciscan Monastery; and after 1250 at Paris where he graduated in theology. He became eleventh lector of his order at Oxford in 1270; a little later ninth provincial minister; a year or two later the first theological lecturer in the schools of the papal palace at Rome, where his lectures were attended by many cardinals and bishops and obtained great fame; and in 1279 archbishop of Canterbury. Throughout his tenure of office, Peckham favored the papal policies at the expense of the temporal power, which in 1282 precipitated a war in Wales; and he lost no opportunity of advancing the Dominican and Franciscan orders, especially the latter. He was a voluminous writer of treatises on science, such as: Perspectiva communis (Milan, 1482), Theorica planetarum, and De sphoira; all of which are represented by manuscripts in the British Museum. In theology, he left Collectanea Bibliorum, printed as Divinar-d sententiaru libroril biblie (Paris, 1513); and De trinitate, printed as De summa trinitate et fide catholica (London, 1510). He published also, besides other poems, Philomela, extant in manuscript in British Museum and Bodleian Library, and printed with the Centiloquium (Paris, 1503) of St. Bonaventura, to whom it was wrongly ascribed.
Bibliography: The principal source is Peckham's Registrum epistolarum, ed C. T. Martin for the Rolls Series, 3 vols., London, 1882-86; the prefaces gather up in excellent form what is known of Peckham's life. The account in DNB, xliv. 190-197, is detailed and critical, and gives adequate references to other sources. Consult also W. F. Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, 12 vols., London, 1860-76.
PECOCK, REGINALD: English prelate; b. in Wales about 1395; d. probably at Thorney Abbey (9 m. n.n.e. of Peterborough) in 1459 or 1460. He was educated at Oxford, became a fellow of Oriel College in 1417, and taught in Oxford till 1425, when the duke of Gloucester introduced him to the court at London as one of his train. By 1420 he had entered the church, and in 1431 through Gloucester's influence he became master of the college of St. Spirit and St. Mary, commonly called Whittington's College, which was in the Vintry, London, and rector of St. Michael de Paternoster Church, in Riola, near by. The two positions went together, and he held them till in 1444 he was made
Pecock Pelag-ius