RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Peter of Sebaste Peters
which he defends the doctrines of the sacrifice of the mass and transubstantiation. In his treatise Adversus Judceorum inveteratam duriliam, Peter sharply attacks the Jews, who are said to be worse than the Saracens, since the latter deny only the divinity and resurrection of Christ, whereas the former do not believe in Christ at all.
In 1141 Peter visited Spain, and there commissioned Peter of Toledo to translate the Koran. This version, though really only an excerpt from the original, was sent by Peter to Bernard with the request that he refute it. When Bernard declined, Peter himself wrote five books Contra nefandam sectam Sarracenorum, of which only two books have been preserved, though a table of contents of the remainder by his secretary, Peter of Poitiers, is still extant (the two books are published, ed. J. Thoma, Leipsic, 1896). Peter sought to prove, in this work, that Mohammed's alleged prophetic office was void, since he lacked both the gift of prediction and that of miracles, the two signs of the true prophet. Peter's last literary task was his De miraculis (see Bibliography, J. d'Avenal), in which he related the marvels which he had experienced, as well as those of which he had heard in his travels. Four of his sermons and some of his Latin poems and hymns have been preserved. Two of the hymns have been translated into English: the Christmas hymn " Coelum gaude, terra plaude " in O. Shipley, Lyra Messianica (London, 1864); and the Easter hymn "Mortis portis fractis fortis " in the same collection and in E. Charles, The Voice of the Christian Life in Song (London, 1858). G. Ghutzmacher.
Bibliography: The Opera are in M. de la Bigne, Maxima bibliotheca veterum patrum, xxii. 826-1142, 28 vols., Genoa, 1677-1707, and in MPL, clxxxix.; his two books against the Saracens are in E. Martene and U. Durand, Veterum scriptorum . amplissima collectio, ix. 1120-80, 9 vols., Paris, 1724-33; sermons, letters, etc., are in Martene and Durand's Thesaurus novus anecdotum, i. 407 sqq., v. 1419- 1450, 5 vols., Paris, 1717; J. Mabillon, Vetera analecta, pp. 159 sqq., ib. 1723; L. d'Achery, Spicilegium, ii. 332, 13 vols., ib. 1655-77; and E. Baluze, Miscellanea, v. 443, vi. 550, 4 vols., ib. 1761-64. His Jlpistoltt historical are in A. Du Chesne, Histories Francorum scriptores, vol. iv., 5 vols., Paris, 1636-49; and in Bouquet, Recueil, vol. xv. Sources are: The Vita, by a monastic pupil Rodulfus, in Martene and Durand's Amplissima collectio, ut sup., vi. 1187-1202; a panegyric by Peter of Poitiers is in Bigne's work, ut sup., xxii. 820; and the Chronicon Cluniacense, in Bigne's work, ut sup., xxii., 813 sqq. Consult further: Histoire litteraire de la France, xiii. 263 sqq., xxii. 241- 267. P. Lorain, Essai historique sur Vabbaye de Cluny, Dijon, 1839 (includes part of Peter's correspondence) , C. A. Wilkens, Petrus der Ehrwilrdige, Leipsic, 1857; B. Duparay, Pierre-le-V enfrable, . sa vie, ses wuvres, et
la societi monastique au xii. siecle, Chalons, 1862; J. d'Avenal, Vie de Pierre le Vinirable, Paris, 1874 (with transl. of De miraculis) , M. Demimuid, Pierre-le-V inirable, ou la vie et Vinfluence monastiques au douziime siecle, Paris, 1876; Schaff, Christian Church, vol. v., part 1, passim; Neander, Christian Church, vol. iv. passim; Ceillier, Auteurs sacris, xiv. 500-525; and the literature under Cluny, Abbey and Congregation op.
PETER, MARGARET A. See Wildensptjch Crucifixion.
PETERBOROUGH: The seat of a bishopric in Northamptonshire, Eng., situated on the left bank of the Nene, seventy-six miles north of London. The see was founded by Henry VIII., in 1541. Peterborough Cathedral is a beautiful specimen of VIII.— 32
Norman and Early English architecture. It was commenced by Abbot John de Seez, 1117, and completed in 1528.
Bibliography: G. A. Poole, Peterborough, in Diocesan Histories, London, 1881; W. C. Ingram, Peterborough Cathedral, ib. 1898; W. D. Sweeting, The Cathedral of Peterborough, ib. 1898; A. Percival, Notes on Old Peterborough, Peterborough, 1905.
PETERKIN, GEORGE WILLIAM: Protestant Episcopal bishop of West Virginia; b. at Clear Spring, Md., Mar. 21, 1841. He was educated at the University of Virginia (1858-59), and, after serving in the Confederate Army throughout the Civil War, studied at the Theological Seminary of Virginia, near Alexandria (graduated 1868). He was ordered deacon in the same year and was advanced to the priesthood in 1869. After being curate to his father at St. James', Richmond, Va. (1868-69), he was rector of St. Stephen's, Culpepper, Va. (1869-73), and of the Memorial Church, Baltimore, Md. (1873-78). In 1878 he was consecrated first bishop of West Virginia. Since 1886 he has been a member of the Board of Missions of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and in this capacity was in charge of the Protestant Episcopal missions in Brazil (1893-99) and in Porto Rico (1901-02). In theology he is a Low-churchman. He has edited History and Record of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of West Virginia (Charleston, W. Va., 1902). Bibliography: W. S. Perry, The Episcopate in America,
p. 255, New York, 1895.