PETERS, GEORGE NATHANIEL HENRY:
Lutheran (Wittenberg Synod); b. at New Berlin, Union County, Pa., Nov. 30, 1825; graduated at Wittenberg College, Springfield, O., 1850; was pastor at Woodbury, Springfield, Xenia, and Plymouth, O., but long since retired. He is a conservative premillenarian; and has published The Theocratic Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ (3 vols., New York, 1884).
PETERS (PETER), HUGH: English Independent; b. at Fowey (22 m. w. of Plymouth), Cornwall, in 1598; hanged at Charing Cross, London, Oct. 16, 1660. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1617-18), and studied theology and preached in London in 1624-29. Not being able to conform wholly, he traveled abroad and about 1632 became pastor of a congregation at Rotterdam, where he adopted Independent views. In 1635 he emigrated to America and became pastor at Salem, and it was he who excommunicated Roger Williams (q.v.). He was also one of the opponents of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson in the New England controversy over antinomianism (see Antinomianism and Antinomian Contkoveksies, II., 2). In 1641 he was one of three agents sent by the Massachusetts colony to England on a commission on commercial and religious affairs and took part as chaplain with the expedition against Ireland in 1642. He was prominently identified with the Puritan movement throughout, and with affairs under the protectorate, and gained great unpopularity by his speech and actions. At the Restoration he was tried and executed as a regicide.
Peters Petersen
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
He published a considerable number of small tracts, reports, and sermons (the British Museum Catalogue devotes over two pages to him), and wrote A Dying Father's Last Legacy to an Only Child (London, 1660).
Bibliography: Sources are: His Last Legacy, ut sup., pp. 97-115; the materials indicated in G. C. Boase and W. P. Courtney, Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, i. 465, iii. 1310, 3 vols., London, 1874-82; and thirty-five letters by him in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 4 ser., vi. 91-117, vii. 199-204. Consult further: J. B. Felt, Memoir and Defence of Hugh Peters, Boston, 1851. Other accounts are: W. Yonge, England's Shame, or the Unmasking of a Political Atheist, London, 1863 (" a scurrilous collection of fabrications ") ; [W. Harris], An Historical Critical Account of H. Peters, ib. 1751; S. Peters, Life of H. Peters, New York, 1807; W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, i. 70-75, ib. 1859; DNB, xlv. 69-77 (detailed).
PETERS, JOHN PUNNETT: Protestant Episcopal; b. in New York City Dec. 16, 1852. He was educated at Yale College (A.B., 1873; Ph.D., 1876), Yale Divinity School (1879), and the universities of Berlin (1879-81) and Leipsic (1882-83). He was ordered deacon in 1876 and ordained priest in the following year, and was a tutor in Yale (1876-79) and minister in charge of St. John's, Dresden (1881- 1882). He was professor of Old-Testament languages and literature in the Protestant Episcopal Divinity School, Philadelphia, from 1884 to 1891, as well as professor of Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania (1885-93), while in 1888-95 he was director of the expedition of the University of Pennsylvania to Babylonia, and in this capacity conducted important excavations at Nippur. From 1883 to 1893 he was curate of St. Michael's, New York City, has been rector of the same church since 1893, and since 1904 he has been canon residentiary of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. In theology he terms himself " a conservative-radical Churchman." He has edited The Diary of David McClure (New York, 1899), translated W Miiller's Political History of Recent Times (1882), and contributed extensively to The Bible as Literature (1896) and Lauda Zion (1896). He has written : Scriptures Hebreiv and Christian (2 vols., New York 1886-89); Nippur: or, Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates (2 vols., 1897); The Old Testament and the New Testament Scholarship (London, 1901); Early Hebrew Story (New York, 1904) ; Some Tombs in the Necropolis of Marissa (in collaboration with H. Thiersch' London, 1905); Annals of St. Michael's, New York, for One Hundred Years, 1807-1907 (New York, 1907) ; and Modern Christianity; or, the Plain Gospel expounded (1910).
PETERS, MADISON CLINTON: Baptist; b. in Lehigh County, Pa., Nov. 6, 1859. He was educated at Muhlenberg and Franklin and Marshall Colleges, and at Heidelberg Theological Seminary, Tiffin, O., from which he was graduated in 1881. After preaching in the Reformed Church at Mulberry, Ind., acting as stated supply at Terre Haute, Ind., and being pastor of the Presbytdriah Church at Ottawa, 111., he was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia (1884-89), of Bloomingdale Reformed Church, New York City (1889- 1900), of the Sumner Avenue Baptist Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1900-02), and of Immanuel Bap-
tist Church, Baltimore, Md. (1902-01). In 1904- 1905 he preached in Park Theater, Philadelphia, but then returned to New York City as pastor of Epiphany Baptist Church. This charge he resigned in 1906 to conduct non-denominational services in the Majestic Theater, New York City. He has written Justice to the Jew (New York, 1899; new ed., 1908); The Wit and Wisdom of the Talmud (1900); The Jew as a Patriot (1901); The Birds of the Bible (1901); Why I became a Baptist (Philadelphia, 1901); The Man who Wins (Boston, 1905); The Jews in America (Philadelphia, 1905); Will the Coming Man Marry ? (1906) ; Sermons that have Won the Masses (1908); and Abraham Lincoln's Religion (1909).
PETERS, NORBERT : Roman Catholic; b. at Allendorf (50 m. n.e. of Cologne) Aug. 5, 1863. He was educated at the gymnasia of Coesfeld and Paderborn, the universities of Miinster, Bonn, Tubingen, and Wiirzburg, and the seminaries of Eichstadt and Paderborn; became licentiate in 1883; and priest in 1887; taught at the high school at Geseke, 1887- 1889; continued his studies at Bonn and Tubingen, 1889-92; became professor of theology at Paderborn, 1892, where he was dean 1898-99 and 1904- 1905; he was also prosynodal examiner 1896-1904. He has issued a commentary on Obadiah (Paderborn, 1892); Die sahidisch-koptische Uebersetzung des Buches Ecclesiasticus auf ihren wahren Werth fur die Textkritik (Freiburg, 1898); Beitrdge zur Text- und Literarkritik sowie zur Erkldrung der Biicher Samuel (1899) ; an edition with notes of the Hebrew text of Ecclesiastes (1902); Die grundsatzliche Stellung der katholischen Kirche zur Bibelforschung, oder die Grenzen der Bibelkritik nach katholischer Lehre (Paderborn, 1905); Bibel und Naturwissenschaft nach den Grundsatzen der katholischen Theologie (1906); Papst Pius X. und das Bibelstudium (1906) ; Glauben und Wissen im ersten biblischen Schopfungsbericht (1907); and Kirche und Bibellesen, oder die grundsdtzliche Stellung der katholischen Kirche zum Bibellesen in der Landessprache (1908). He has served also on the editorial boards of such publications as Biblische Studien; Biblische Zeitschrift; Theologische Quartalschrift; and Zeitschrift fur katholische Theologie.
PETER'S PENCE (Denarius Sancti Petri; census Beati Petri) : A sum of money annually sent to the Holy See from several northern nations. It is first found in England, where later chronicles state that King Ina of Wessex paid it in 725, although this tradition may be apocryphal. The first certain mention of Peter's pence occurs in a letter of Leo III. to Cenwulf of Mercia, in which the pope states that King Offa had bound himself and his successors to pay to the Apostle Peter 365 mancusm annually for the care of the poor and for lighting the church. Ethelwulf, in 855, is the first king known to have sent this amount, and after his reign the " Rome-fee " (Romfeot) is frequently mentioned in the laws. After the middle of the tenth century a penny was required to be given by each household in England before St. Peter's day under severe penalties, and various minor regulations were later introduced.