RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Pharisees and Sadducees Phelps
his own person. The hatred that he thereby brought upon himself on the part of the Pharisees also frenzied the popular masses. But when afterward in the apostolic congregation the proclaiming of Christ's resurrection pushed to the foreground, overshadowing, in a manner, the content of his own preaching, Pharisaism's antithesis to Christianity receded so far behind the vehement persecution of the same through the Sadducees, that it now became feasible for Pharisaic elements to make their way into the Christian assembly (Acts xv. 1 sqq.JD It was only where the logical issues of Christianity became voiced in direct opposition to an absolute enforcement of the law (somewhat reservedly, at first, by the deacon Stephen, afterward more vigorously and with practical application by the Apostle Paul) that the Pharisaic enmity awoke, in utter bitterness. However, it was precisely his own Pharisaic training in youth that moved the Apostle Paul, after his radical breach with his past, to engage in a conflict with the Pharisaic party, not only outside, but especially within Christianity; wherein he prevailed to illustrate the peculiar principles of Christianity in contrast with the legal religion of the ■ Old Testament, in a degree equaled by no other apostle. F. Sieffert.
Bibliography: J. Wellhausen, Die Pharisaer und die Sadducder, Greifswald, 1874; A. Geiger, Sadduciler und Pharisaer, Breslau, 1863; idem, in Judische Zeitschrift, ii (1863), 11-54; M. Friedlander, Die religiosen Bewegungen innerhalb des Judentums im Zeitalter Jesu, Berlin, 1905. Consult further: Grossmann, De Judaeorum disciplina arcani, Leipsic, 1833—41; idem, De philosophia Sadducworum, ib. 1836-38; De Pharisceismo Judasorum Alexandrino, ib. 1846-50; De collegio Pharisceorum, ib. 1851; A. F. Gfrorer, Das Jahrhundert des Heils, i. 309 sqq., Stuttgart, 1838; J. A. B. Lutterbeck, Die neutestamentlichen Lehrbegriffe, i. 157-222, Mainz, 1852; I. M. Jost, Geschichte des Judenthums und seiner Secten, i. 197 sqq., 216 sqq., Leipsic; 1857-59; A. Miiller, in the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna Academy, philosoph. -historical class, xxxiv (1860), 95- 164; J. Derenbourg, Hist, de la Palestine, pp. 75-78, 119- 144, 452-456, Paris, 1867; Hanne, in ZWT, 1867, pp. 131-179,239-263; A. Hausrath, N eutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte, i. 129 sqq., Heidelberg, 1868, Eng. transl., Hist, of the TV. T. Times, 4 vols., London, 1895; A. Kuenen, De Godsdienst van Israel, ii. 338-371, 456 sqq., 2 vols., Haarlem, 1869-70; J. Cohen, Les Pharisiens, 2 vols., Paris, 1877; A. M. Fairbairn, Studies in the Life of Christ, pp. 165 sqq., London, 1881; Baneth, in Magazin fiXr die Wissenschaft des Judentums, ix (1882), 1-37, CL-"^; J. Hamburger, Real-encyclopddie fur Bibel und Tc',,nud, ii. 1038 sqq., Strelitz, 1882; E. Montet, Essai sur les origines des parties saduceen et pharisien, Paris, 1883; idem, in J A, 1887, pp. 415-423; R. Mackintosh, Christ and the Jewish Law, pp. 39 sqq., London, 1885; F. Weber, Die Lehren des Talmud, Leipsic, 1886; idem, Judische Theologie auf Grund des Talmud und verwandter Schriften, pp. 10—14, 44-46, ib. 1897; E. Davaine, Le Sadduceisme, Montauban, 1888; A. Jiilicher, Die Gleichnisreden Jesu, ii. 54 sqq., 549 sqq., Freiburg, 18b8-89; A. B. Bruce, Kingdom of God, pp. 187 sqq., Edinburgh, 1889; J. L. Narbel, Etude sur le parti pharisien, Lausanne, 1891; H. E. Ryle, and M. R. James, PsoMis of Solomon, pp. xlviii.-lii., Cambridge, 1891; J. F. W. Bousset, Jesu Predigt in ihrem Gegensatz zum Judentum, Gottingen, 1892; idem, Die Religion des Judentums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter, pp. 161—168, Berlin, 1903; Kruger, in TQ, lxxxv (1894), 431-496; O. Holtzmann, N eutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte, pp. 158 sqq., Freiburg, 1895; A. Bertholet, Die Stellung der Israeliten und der Juden zu den Fremden, pp. 123-256, Tubingen, 1896; I. Elbogen, Die Religionsanschauung der Pharisaer, Berlin, 1904; S. Schechter, Die Chassidim, Berlin, 1904; G. Holscher, Der Sadduzdismus. Eine kritische Untersuchung zur spateren Judenreligionsgeschichte, Leipsic, 1906; S. Bamberger. Sadduciier in ihren Beziehungen zu Alexander
Jannai und Salome, Frankfort, 1907; Schiirer, Geschichte, ii. 380-419, Eng. transl., II., ii. 1-43 (contains bibliography); DB, iii. 821-829, iv. 349-352; EB, iv. 4234-40, 4321-29; JE, ix. 661-666, x. 630-633; KL, ix. 1990-96; Vigouroux, Dictionnaire, part xxxi., pp. 206-218; Jacobus, Dictionary, pp. 666-668, 760-761. Magazine literature is indicated in Richardson, Encyclopaedia, pp. 848, 969; the subject is treated also in the more important works on the life of Christ, such as those of Farrar (Excursuses IX.- XIV.), Edersheim, and Keim, and in those on the history of the Jews, as in Ewald and Gratz.
PHARMAKIDES, THEOKLITOS: Modern Greek theologian and ecclesiastical statesman; b. at Larissa, Thessaly, Jan. 25, 1784; d. at Athens Apr. 21, 1860. With but meager education, he was ordained deacon at Larissa in 1802 and priest at Bucharest in 1811, after which he was in charge of the Greek church in Vienna for some eight years. Here he was brought into contact not only with his compatriots who were interested in the revival of the Greek nation, but also with the philhellene Frederick North, fifth earl of Guilford, who wished him to accept a theological professorship in the projected university of Corfu. Pharmakides accordingly studied for two years at Gottingen, but returned to Greece on the outbreak of the Greek war for independence. Here he was active until his death in the reorganization of the national church and the establishment of an educational system. Circumstances, however, hampered his efforts until 1833 when the Bavarian regency made him president of the committee to investigate the condition of the Greek Church. As secretary of the Synod of Nauplia, he was the main factor in securing the declaration of independence of the Greek Church in the same year. The conservative influence was, however, too strong for him, and after writing his " On Zechariah, son of Berechiah " (Athens, 1838), " The Pseudonymous German " (1838), and " On the Oath " (1840), he was removed from his secretariate in 1839 and appointed professor of philology. He now published in his own defense his " Apology " (Athens, 1840), and unremittingly continued the struggle for the freedom of the Greek Church. His program was finally carried out, aided largely by his " The Synodic Volume: or, Concerning Truth " (Athens, 1852), when, in 1852, the Greek Church was made entirely independent except for ecclesiastical prerogatives of honor accorded to the patriarch of Constantinople. After this last work, Pharmakides appeared little in public. At the time of his death he was working on a large historical polemic against the Roman Catholic Church. Among his earlier publications mention may be made of his commentary on the New Testament (7 vols., Athens, 1844). (Philipp Meyer.)
Bibliography: Biographical matter is found in the " Apology," ut sup. Consult: " Evangelical Herald," pp. 203- 216, Athens, 1860; G. L. von Maurer, Das griechische Volk, vol. ii., Heidelberg, 1835; C. A. Brandis, Mitteilungen uber Griechenland, vol. iii., Leipsic, 1842; R. Nicolai, Geschichte der neugriechischen Literatur, ib. 1876; G. F. Hertzberg, Geschichte Griechenlands, vols, iii.— iv., Gotha, 1878; TSK, 1841, pp. 7-53.
PHELONION: See Vestments and Insignia, Ecclesiastical.
PHELPS, AUSTIN: American Congregation alist; b. at West Brookfield, Mass., Jan. 7, 1820; d.
Pbenioia