THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
14.
at Bar Harbor, Me., Oct. 13, 1890. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1837, and studied at Andover and Union Theological seminaries; was pastor of Pine Street Church, Boston, 1842-48, and professor of sacred rhetoric at Andover Theological Seminary, 1848-79, and president from 1869. He was a master of English, and distinguished in his teaching and writing. He published The StiU Hour (Boston, 1859); Hymns
and Choirs (Andover, 1860); The New Birth (Boston, 1867); Sabbath Hours (1870); Studies of the Old Testament (1879); The Theory of Preaching (1881) ; Men and Books (1882) ; My Portfolio (1882); English Style (1883); My Study (1885); and My Note Book (1890).
Bibliography: E. S. Phelps, Austin Phelps; a Memoir, New York, 1891; D. L. Furber, in BMiotheca Sacra, xlviii (1891), 545-585.
I. Geography and Topography.
General Description; Acre, Achzib
(§ 1). Region South of Tyre (§ 2). Tyre (§ 3).
Region between Tyre and Sidon (§ 4). Sidon (§ 5).
PHENICIA, PHENICIANS.
Sidon to Beirut (§ 6). Beirut to al-Shakkai (§ 7). Tripolis and Environs (§ 8). Extreme Northern Phenicia (§ 9). II. Names and Ethnology. Names (§ 1). Ethnology (§ 2).
III. Religion. Deities (§ 1). Cult (§2).
IV. History.
Till the Assyrian Period (5 1). Assyrian to the Roman Period (§ 2). Trade and Discovery (§ 3).
L Geography and Topography: The term Sidonions or Sidonians is employed in the Old Testament to denote the Phenicians (cf. I Kings v. 6, xvi. 31), though their country is called Phenicia or Phenice (I Esd. ii. 17 sqq.; II Mace. i. General iii. 5, etc.; Acts xi. 19, xv. 3, xxi. 2). Description ; The boundaries of the country can Acre, not be determined definitely, for the Achzib. scanty allusions to the Phenicians do not tell how far inland their domains extended. That they did extend inland is certain (cf. I Kings v. 9), and Josephus states (Ant., XIII., v. 6; War, II., xviii. 1, IV., ii. 3) that the city of Cedasa or Cydyssa was a Tyrian stronghold on the border of Galilee. The Phenician coast falls into three natural divisions: southern Phenicia, from Ras al-Abjad to the Nahr al-'Awali, north of Sidon; central Phenicia, from the Nahr al-'Awali to al-Shakkai; and northern Phenicia, from al- Shakkai to Ras ibn Hani or to Ras al-Basit. In ancient history the southern and the northern divisions are alone important. The Philistine conquests permanently separated the southern cities from association with the Phenicians, and deprived them of such cities as Joppa and Dor; not until the Persian rule did the Phenicians again control these regions. Before discussing Phenicia proper brief mention should be made of two cities, Acre and Achzib. The former lies on a steep promontory extending southward into the sea and forming a natural haven of medium size with the eastern edge of St. George's Bay. Owing to deposits of silt the harbor is deserted, and trade is diverted to the neighboring Haifa. In ancient times this city was of importance because of its haven and the roads connecting it with the interior, especially the " way of the sea " (Isa. ix. 1). The city is mentioned by Sethos I. under the name of 'Aka about 1320 B.C., and about 380 Artaxerxes Mnemon made it his base in his expedition against Egypt. Ptolemy II. Philadelphus refounded the city and named it Ptolemais. It passed into the possession of the Seleucids in 198 b.c, and was an important military center in the Maccabean wars. In 65 b.c. Pompey brought it under the Romans, for whom it constituted the most important harbor of Palestine. In 1103 a.d. it was taken by Baldwin I., given to Saladin in
1187, retaken by the crusaders in 1189, and destroyed by Sultan Malik al-Ashraf in 1291. Rebuilt in 1749, the city has slowly increased, despite the attack of Napoleon in 1799 and the bombardment of the united English, Austrian, and Turkish fleet in 1840, until it now contains a population of about 11,000. Some nine miles to the north, and not far from the coast, lies the small village al-Zib, representing the Achzib of Judges xix. 29. A quarter of an hour to the north is the spring of 'Ain al-Mashairfah, which has been compared with the Misrephoth-maim of Josh. xi. 8, xiii. 6.
Here the Jabal al-Mushakkah approaches the
coast, and the ascent to the promontory of Ras al-
Nakurah brings the traveler to Phenicia proper.
To the north of the road stretches a small stony
strip of coast in the form of a crescent
2. Region to the second promontory, the Ras
South of al-Abjad, or " White Promontory." Tyre. The valley between the two promontories shows ruins of two ancient sites, Umm al-'Amud and Iskandarunah, the former perhaps being the ancient Ramantha or Ramitha, the Greek Leuke Akte, later called Laodicea, and the latter dating back, at least in name, to the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus (222-235). In 1116 a.d. Iskandarunah was rebuilt by Baldwin I. as a base of operations against Tyre. The ancient road over the White Promontory runs for about forty minutes close to the declivity. In the course of centuries portions of it have been hewn in the rocks, and in especially steep places stone stairs have been cut, so that Josephus and the Talmud give as the ancient name of this road the " Tyrian Stairs."
North of the Ras al-Abjad a small plain extends between the shores and the foot of the mountains of Galilee. The streams are shallow and have little water, though good springs are occasionally found, especially about an hour south of Tyre in the Ras al-'Ain and ten minutes to the north, both about a quarter of an hour from the shore. Three other wells and an aqueduct, the latter apparently of Roman architecture, are found about fifteen minutes north of Ras al-'Ain. It was doubtless the springs of this promontory which first attracted the Phenicians, which they also used for their city.
The distance from Ras al-'Ain to Tyre is an