THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
purple. The art, however, was perhaps Babylonian. In like manner the Greeks thought that the alphabet originated in Tyre, especially in view of the power of the city about 1000 b.c. As a matter of fact Phenicia merely transmitted the alphabet, which probably originated in Babylonia like the cuneiform writing. And finally it may be noted that glass and faience, the invention of which was popularly ascribed to the Phenicians, were known in Egypt earlier than in Phenicia. (H. Guthe.)
Bibliography: The articles in the dictionaries are general, covering the whole topic. The best are: DB, iii. 683- 685, S55-S62, 823-825, 980-981; EB, iii. 3730-65; JE, ix. 667-670; Vigouroux, Dictionnaire, part xxxi. 228-247; Jacobus, Dictionary, pp. 674-676.
On the geography consult: V. Guerin, Description de la Palestine. III., Galilee, part 2, Paris, 1880; Survey of Western Palestine, Memoirs, vol. i., Galilee, London, 1881; G. Ebcrs and H. Guthe, Palastina in Bild und Wort, vol. ii., Stuttgart. 1SS4.
On the art, language, and inscriptions: Inscriptions are collected in the CIS, part 1, vols., i.-ii., Paris, 1881-89. Consult: G. Perrot and C. Chipiez, Histoire de I'art dans I'antiquite, vol. 3, Phenicie, Paris, 1885, Eng. transl., Hist. of Art in Phcenicia, 2 vols., London, 1885; W. Gesenius, Scripturce linguaique Phoenicia; monumenta, Leipsic, 1857; P. Schroder, Die ph^nizische Sprache, Halle, 1869 (grammar); B. Stade, Morgenlandische Forschungen, pp. 167 sqq., Leipsic, 1S75; C. Clermont-Ganneau, Sceaux et cachets phenvyiens, Paris, 1883; E. Ledrain, Notice des monuments pheniciens (i.e., in the Louvre), Paris, 1888; A. Bloch, Phonirische'sGlossar.BeTlin, 1890; J. G. E. Hoffmann, Ueber einige ■phonikische Inschriften, Gottingen, 1890; A. Pellegrini, Studii d'Epigrafia fenicia, Palermo, 1891; O. Hamdi, Une Necra/pole royale a Sidon, Paris, 1892-96; M. Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898; idem, Ephemeris fur semitische Epigraphik, Giessen, 1900 sqq.; A. Mayr, Aus den phonizischen Xekropolen von Malta, Munich, 1905; Schrader, KAT, pp. 126 sqq., et passim; W. F. von Landau, Die phonizischen Inschriften, Leipsic, 1907.
On the alphabet: E. de Rouge, Memoires sur Vorigine egyptienne de Valphabet phenicien, Paris, 1874; Deecke, in ZDMG, xxxi (1877), 102 sqq.; P. Berger, Hist, de Vecriture dans I'antiquite, Paris, 1892; Ball, in PSBA, 1893, pp. 392^08; C. R. Conder, Bible and the East, pp. 74 sqq., Edinburgh, 1896; H. Zimmern, in ZDMG, 1 (1896), 667 sqq.; J. Alvarez de Peralta, Iconografia de los Alfabetos fenicio y hebraico, Madrid, 1898.
On the history: R. Pietschmann, Geschichte der Phiinizier, Berlin, 1889; G. Rawlinson, Hist, of Phoenicia, London, 1889; idem, Phcenicia, ib. 1889; F. C. Movers, Die Ph.,ni:ier, Bonn, 1841-56; J. Kenrick, Hist, of Phoenicia, London, 1855; E. Renan, Mission de Phenicie, Paris, 1864; G. Maspero, Hist, ancienne des peuples de I'orient, Paris, 1875; idem. Struggle of the Nations, London, 1896; H. Prutz, Aus Phimizien, Leipsic, 1876; F. Bovet, Egypt, Palestine, and Phcenicia, London, 1882; E. Oberhummer, Phnnizier in Akarnanien, Munich, 1882; E. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, vol. i., Stuttgart, 1884; A. von Gutsehmid, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Germ, trans., in his Klcinc Schriften, ii. 36-80, Leipsic, 1889; W. M. Muller, Asien und Europa, Leipsic, 1893; C. Peters, Das goldcne Opllir Salomo's. Eine Studie zur Geschichte der phimikischen Weltpolitik, Munich, 1895; H. Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen, i. 5 (1897), 421 sqq , ii 1 (lSUS), 65-70, ii. 2 (1899), 295 sqq.; idem, Geschichte Israels, i. 104 sqq., Leipsic, 1895; W von Landau, Die Ph„nizier, Leipsic, 1901; idem, Die Bedeutung der Phiinizier im Yolkerleben, ib. 1905; V. Berard, Les Phinieiens et VOdyssee, 2 vols., Paris, 1902-03; idem, in RHR, xxxix. 173-22H, 419-460; C. A. Bruston, fctudes phiniciennes, Paris, 1903; \V. M. Muller, Xeue Darstellungen " mykenisrhfr " Grsandter und phi.nizischer Schiffe in allagyptischen Wandaemolden. Berlin, 1904; A. D. Mordtmann, Historische Bilder vom Bosporus, part 2, Constantinople, 1907; F. (' Kiseler, Sidon: a Stud;/ in Orimtal History, New York, I in 17.
On the religion : ( '. and T. Muller, Fragmenta historicum Gra-corum, iii. 500 sqq., 4 vols., Paris, 1841-51; W. von
Baudissin, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, Leipsic, 1878; F. Baethgen, Beitrage zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, Berlin, 1888; P D. Chantepie de la Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, i. 348-383, Tubingen, 1905; Smith, Rcl. of Sem. Consult also the article Sanchuniathon and the literature given there.
PHILADELPHA. See Asia Minor, IV
PHILADELPHIAN SOCIETY. See Lead, Jane.
PHILANTHROPY. See Social Service of the Church.
PHILARET, fi"la-ret' (VASILY MIKHAILO- VICH DROZDOV): Russian prelate; b. at Kolomna (58 m. s.s.e. of Moscow) 1782; d. at Moscow Dec. 1, 1867. He was educated at the seminaries of Kolomna and St. Sergius Lavra, and on the completion of his studies was at once appointed professor in the latter. He became preacher at the monastery of St. Sergius at Troitsk in 1806, and four years later was appointed professor of theology in the ecclesiastical academy of Alexander Nevski in St. Petersburg, becoming archimandrite in 1811 and director in 1812. He took monastic vows in 1817, and after being bishop of Reval and episcopal vicar of St. Petersburg, became, in 1819, archbishop of Tver and a member of the Holy Synod. In the following year he was archbishop of Yaroslav, and in 1821 was translated to Moscow, also becoming metropolitan in 1826. His daring utterances, however, brought him into imperial dis^ favor, and from 1845 until the accession of Alexander II. in 1855 he was restricted to the limits of his diocese. He is said to have prepared Alexander's proclamation freeing the serfs (Mar. 19, 1861), and he enjoyed the reputation of being one of the leading pulpit orators of his time and country. He was a prominent figure in preparing a Russian translation of the Bible (see Bible Versions, B, XVI., § 2), and wrote " Colloquy between a Believer and a Skeptic on the True Doctrine of the Greco-Russian Church" (St. Petersburg, 1815); " Compend of Sacred History" (1816); "Commentary on Genesis" (1816); "Attempt to Explain Psalm Ixvii." (1818); "Sermons delivered at Various Times" (1820); " Extracts from the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles for Use in Lay Schools " (1820); " Christian Catechism " (1823; Eng. transl. by R. W. Blackmore in his Doctrine of the Russian Church, Aberdeen, 1845; reprinted in Schaff, Creeds, ii. 445-542); "Extracts from the Historical Books of the Old Testament " (1828-30); " Principles of Religious Instruction" (1828); and "New Collection of Sermons " (1830-36). An English version of some of his sermons was published at London in 1873 under the title " Select Sermons by the late Metropolitan of Moscow, Philaret," together with a brief biographical sketch.
Bibliography: Biographie universelle, xxxiii. 45-46; La Grande Encyclopedic, xxvi. 645.
PHILASTER, fi-las'ter (PHILASTRIUS) : Bishop of Brescia and ecclesiastical writer; b. possibly in Egypt in the first half of the fourth century; d. before 397, He had been consecrated before 381, for in that year he took part in the Synod of Aquileia. Augustine knew him while at Milan; and his successor Gaudentius, who became bishop of Bres-