RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Phenicia Philip II.
cia before 397, praised his orthodoxy and learning (MPL, xx. 957). According to the tradition current at Brescia, he died on July 18; but the Sermo de vita et obitu Philastri (MPL, xx. 1002), ascribed to Gaudentius, seems to date rather from the eighth or ninth century. About 383 Philaster wrote his Diversarum hcereseon liber (ed. J. Sichard, Basel, 1528; also in MPL, xii.; CSEL, xxxviii.), a catalogue containing twenty-eight pre-Christian and 128 Christian heresies. The style shows lack of education, and the matter lack of intellectual training. It is fanciful and artificial, especially in its divisions of distinction. His source for heresies previous to Noetus was probably the lost Syntagma adversus omnes hcereses of Hippolytus, and for the Manicheans the Acta Archelai. The intrinsic value of the work is small. He was, however, cited by Augustine, and thus gained importance in the Middle Ages, and he is of some interest in tracing the history of the New-Testament canon, especially for the Epistle to the Hebrews, and the Letter to the Laodiceans. (R. Schmid.)
Bibliogkaph y : R. A.. Lipsius, Zur Quellenkritik des Epiphanios, Vienna, 1865; idem, Die Quellen der altesten Ketzergeschichte, Leipsic, 1875; A. Harnack, Quellenkritik der Geschichte des Gnosticismus, Leipsic, 1874; idem, Litteratur, i. 150; J. Kunze, De histories gnosticismi fontibus, Leipsic, 1894; Kriiger, History, passim; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 931; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, v. 171-178, viii. 42^3; DCB, iv. 351-353.
PHILEAS, fi-le'as: Bishop of Thmuis (the modern Tmai, between the Tanite and Mendesian branches of the Nile) and martyr; d. at Alexandria 305. According to Eusebius, he was distinguished for his wealth, noble birth, honorable rank, and philosophical training, and the same church historian also gives a fragment of a letter written by Phileas from his prison in Alexandria to his diocese at Thmuis (Hist, eccl, VIII., x. 2-10; Eng. transl., NPNF, 1 ser., i. 330-331), holding up the example of the Alexandrian martyrs. Together with three other bishops imprisoned with him, Phileas wrote to Meletius of Lycopolis (q.v.), charging him with violating the rules of the Church by appointing other bishops in their places. The acts of Phileas, which are extant both in Greek and Latin, seem to have been known to Eusebius and to Jerome; and Rufinus (Hist, eccl., viii. 10) states that they were Written by a Christian named Gregorius. The official who presided at the martyrdom of Phileas was Culcianus, who was succeeded by Hierocles apparently in 306, and at latest by 308.
(N. Bonwetsch.) Bibliography: The letter is also in M. J. Routh, Reliquice sacrce, 5 vols., Oxford, 1846-48; Eng. transl. with introduction and notes is in ANF, vi. 161-164. The Acts of his Martyrdom are in ASB, Feb., i. 459 sqq. (with commentary); R. Knopff, Ausgewahlte Martyrakten, pp. 102 sqq., Freiburg, 1901; F. Combefis, Illustrium Christi martyrum lecti triumphi, pp. 145 sqq., Paris, 1660 (the Greek text). The older literature is given in ANF, Bibliography, p. 71. Consult: Jerome, De vir. ill., lxxviii. ; N. Lardner, Credibility of Gospel History, in Works, iii. 234-237, London, 1838; J. M. Neale, Hist, of the Holy Eastern Church, i. 97, 99-101, London, 1847; E. le Blaut, Les Persecuteurs et les martyrs aux premiers sie'cles, pp. 226— 227, Paris, 1893; Harnack, Litteratur, i. 441-442, ii. 2, pp. 69-72, 74, 83; C. Schmidt, in TV, v. 4b (1901); O. Bardenhewer, Geschichte der altkirchlichen Litteratur, ii. 211— 212, Freiburg, 1903; Kriiger, History, p. 219; DCB, iv. 353; KL, ix. 1998.
PHILEMON, EPISTLE TO. See Paul the Apostle, II.
PHILIP II. : King of Spain, son of the Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal; b. at Valladolid May 21, 1527; d. at Madrid Sept. 13, 1598. Educated under Dominican rather than Jesuit influence, he perpetuated the Spanish idea of Roman Catholicism that underlay the policy of Ferdinand and Isabella and Cardinal Ximenes, which regarded Roman Catholicism as the only tolerable form of Christianity and as absolutely essential to the political power of Spain. He had no sympathy with the humanistic popes and Curia, and would brook no interference of the papacy with Spanish administration; on the other hand, he insisted upon controlling papal policy. The policy of compromise by which Charles V had sought to reunify religion throughout his realm had been recognized by himself as ineffective.
Philip began his reign with the fixed resolve to exterminate Protestantism at whatever cost from every foot of territory that he con- Two Chief trolled. Closely connected with this Aims; aspect of his policy was a determina- Failure in tion to make his own will supreme England, throughout his vast realm. Protestantism had never been allowed to gain much headway in Spain and he spared no effort or expense to remove every vestige of anticatholicism. With equal severity he dealt with the Moriscoes (professed Moorish converts still Mohammedan at heart) and with converts from Judaism whose sincere devotion to Roman Catholicism was suspected. He married Mary of England (1554) with the twofold object of bringing England under the domination of Spain and of exterminating heresy in the British Isles. He even sought to ingratiate himself with the English people by putting aside his customary moroseness and reserve and assuming an air of friendliness and suavity. His failure to win the hearts of the English, Mary's dissatisfaction with his private life, and the urgent need of his presence at home led to his leaving England forever (Sept., 1555). In 1556 by the abdication of Charles V. he became master of Spain, the Sicilies, the Milanese territory, Franche Comt6, the Netherlands, Mexico, and Peru, thus becoming the greatest potentate on earth with seemingly unlimited resources. He was impatient to begin a crusade against Protestantism in which he sought to enlist all the Roman Catholic sovereigns of Europe, but was shocked by the discovery that the His Wars, pope had formed an alliance with the king of France and the sultan to deprive him of his Italian possessions. He scrupled at going to war with the pope, but self-interest soon triumphed and he sent the duke of Alva to drive French and papal forces from Sicily and to seize the papal possessions, while he himself administered a severe chastisement to the French at St. Quentin (Aug. 10, 1557) and at Gravelines (Apr. 2, 1559). After the death of Mary of England he sought once more to gain a foothold in England by proposing to marry Elizabeth, her sister and successor. Failing in this project he married Isabella
Philip n.
Philip the Apostle