RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Prest>yter Presbyterians
I. Scotland.
1. The Church of Scotland.
Early Christianity in Scotland
(§ 1).
The Reformation (§ 2).
Presbytery Dominant (§3).
Lay Patronage and the " Disruption" (§ 4).
Worthies of the Church (§ 5).
Statistics, Constitution, and Government (§ 6).
Agencies of the Church (§ 7).
Social and Colonial Work (§8).
Missionary and Other Agencies (§9).
2. United Free Church.
Early Constitution and Ideals
(§ 1). Early Secessions (§ 2). The United Presbyterian Church
(§3). Free Church; Origin (§ 4). Free Church; Development;
Theological Controversies (§ 5). Movements Toward Union (§ 6). Union of 1900 (§ 7). Free Church Minority; Legal
Proceedings; Settlement (§8). Results; Present Position (§ 9). Statistics and Missions (§ 10). Doctrine and Constitution (§ 11).
3. The Free Church of Scotland.
4. Free Presbyterian Church of Scot-
land.
5. Reformed Presbyterian Church.
6. United Original Secession Church. Origin (§1).
Unions; Statistics (§ 2). II. Presbyterian Church of England. Presbyterian Principles Informally Established (§1). Royal and Parliamentary Opposition (§2). Infusion of Scotch Elements
(§3). The Present Church in England (§4). III. Ireland. 1. Presbyterian Church in Ireland.
PRESBYTERIANS.
2. Reformed Presbyterian or Cove-
nanting Church of Ireland.
3. Secession Church in Ireland. IV. Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Connection.
Origin (§1).
Contributory Movements (§ 2). Organization, Activities, and Statistics (§ 3). V. South, Central, and West Africa. VI. Australia.
1. New South Wales.
2. Queensland.
3. Victoria (formerly Australia
Felix).
4. South Australia.
5. Western Australia.
6. Tasmania. VII. New Zealand.
Beginnings of Presbyterianism
(§ 1). Era of Settlements (§ 2). Union of the Presbyteries (§ 3). Missions and Statistics (§4). VIII. In the United States and Canada.
1. Presbyterian Church in the
United States of America. Sources and Varieties of American
Presbyterianism (§1). Period of Isolated Churches
(§2). Colonial Presbyterian Church
(§ 3). Constitution of 1788 (§ 4). Period of the Plan of Union
(§ 5). Period of Division (§ 6). Period of Reunion (§ 7). Standards (§8). Church Agencies (§ 9).
2. Presbyterian Church in the
United States.
Background and Origin (§ 1).
Period of the War and Accretions (§ 2).
Evangelization; Home and Foreign Missions (§ 3).
Other Agencies; Prospects (§4). 3a. Cumberland Presbyterian Church Before the Union of 1906.
Origin (§ 1).
Theology and Principles (§ 2).
Educational Institutions and
Missions (§ 3). The Union of 1906 (§ 4). 3b. Cumberland Presbyterian Church
Since the Union of 1906.
4. Synod of the Reformed Presby-
terian Church of North America.
5. Associate Reformed Synod of the
South.
6. United Presbyterian Church of
North America. Origins in Scotland and America
(§ 1). Formation, Work, and Statistics
(§2). Its Agencies (§ 3).
7. Reformed Presbyterian Church in
North America (General Synod).
8. Calvinistic Methodist Church
(Welsh Presbyterian Church in
America). Founding of Churches (§ 1). Organization of Presbyteries,
Synods, and General Assembly
(§2). Doctrine, Polity, and Worship
(§3).
9. Cumberland Presbyterian Church,
Colored.
10. Reformed Presbyterian Church
(Covenanted).
11. Reformed Presbyterian Church
in the United States and Canada.
12. Presbyterian Church in Canada. Origins (§1).
Under British Rule (§ 2). Period of Unions (§3). Church Agencies (§4). IX. In Other Lands. X. Presbyterian Church Polity.
1. Doctrine.
2. Polity.
Scriptural Basis (§ 1). Government (§ 2).
3. Worship.
1. Early Christianity in Scotland.
I. Scotland. — 1. The Church of Scotland: The
first Christian church in Scotland is traditionallysaid to have been built at Whithorn, Galloway, about 402. The builder was St. Ninian (q.v.), whose influence did not long survive his death in 432, and the country relapsed into heathenism. The continuous history of Christianity in Scotland begins with the landing of St. Columba (q.v.) and his companions at Iona (q.v.) in 563 (see Celtic Church, I., § 3). It was centuries after his death that the buildings which still stand on the island were erected, but it was the memory of Columba which made Dr. Johnson say that the man was little to be envied whose piety would not grow warmer among the ruins of Iona. The government of the Columban Church was in some sense a combination of presbytery and episcopacy; though there were bishops among the missionaries, all were subject to the rule of the Presbyter Columba. The great contemporary of Columba was St. Kentigern (q.v.), whose memory is preserved in the beautiful cathedral of Glasgow. The govern-
ment of the Columban Church was destined to be superseded. For the change from the Irish system to the Roman see Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland, II. -III. It was not till 716 that the monks of Iona altogether abandoned their traditional practises. It is unfortunate that the period of the Culdees is wrapt in such obscurity; for all evidence seems to indicate that it was a period of exceptional righteousness and godliness. The last lingering traces of distinctively Celtic modes of belief and worship disappeared in the reign of Queen Margaret, who was a devotee of Rome. In succeeding centuries, considerable irritation was caused by the attempts of English prelates to establish supremacy over the Church of Scotland. And, occasionally, Scotland was excommunicated by the
ormation." P°Pe- By deSrees the need of a reformation began to be proclaimed, and a
long and deadly struggle ensued. The efforts to put down by force the growing spirit of inquiry and the return to a more primitive Christianity were utterly ineffectual. "The reek of Maister Patrick Hamilton " (q.v.), protomartyr of the Scottish Reforma-
Presbyterians