THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
through all those troubled times — under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth — never imagining that he had been a bishop in more than one church. The Preface to the Ordinal (1549; strengthened in 1662) — maintained in all branches of the Anglican communion — lays down the principle that the orders of bishops, priests, arid deacons inherited " from the apostles' time " are to be " continued " in the Church of England, and accordingly that no one without episcopal consecration or ordination, either Anglican or other, is to be allowed to execute the functions of bishop, priest, or deacon. The title " Protestant " the Church of England never accepted, though several of her divines have so described her position and theirs, meaning by the term "Reformed and anti-papal," but not using it in contradistinction to "Catholic." Thus Bishop Cosin (in his History of Popish Transubstantiation, i. 7, London, 1675) speaks of the English Church as " Protestant and reformed according to the ancient Catholic Church "; and Bishop Sanderson (in the Preface to his Sermons, § xxi., London, 1689) speaks of " the true belief and right understanding of the great article concerning the Scripture's sufficiency being the most proper characteristical note of the right English Protestant, as he standeth in the middle between and distinguished from the papists on the one hand, and (sometimes styled) puritan on the other." The same position with regard to Catholic doctrine, worship, and ministry is claimed by the daughter or sister churches of the Church of England, in Ireland, Scotland, the United States of America, and the British colonies. Accordingly the bishops of the whole Anglican communion, assembled at the second Lambeth Conference in 1878, in their Official Letter declared:
" The principles on which the Church of England has reformed itself are well known. We proclaim the sufficiency and supremacy of the Holy Scriptures as the ultimate rule of faith, and commend to our people the diligent study of the same. We confess our faith in the words of the ancient Catholic Creeds. We retain the Apostolic order of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons. We assert the just liberties of particular or national churches. We provide our people, in their own tongue, with a Book of Common Prayer and Offices for the administration of the Sacraments, in accordance with the best and most ancient types of Christian faith and worship." AhtHUE C. A. HALL.
Bibliography: The relationship between Protestantism and the Reformation is such that the literature under Reformation and related articles may not be passed over. On the history of Protestantism consult: C. G. Neudecker, Geschichle des evangelischen Protestanlismus in Deutschland, 2 vols., Lepisic, 1844; J. L. Balme, Protestantism and Catholicity compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe, London, 1849; C. Hundeshagen, Der deulsche Protestanlismus, 4 vols., 2d ed., Marburg, 1865-66; J. H. Maronier, Geschiedenis van het Protestantisms 1648-1789, 2 parts, Leyden, 1897; J. A. Wylie, Hist, of Protestantism, 3 vols., London, 1899; Report of the Imperial Protestant Federation for 1899-1900, London, 1900; J. Kunze and C. Stange, Quellenschriften zur Geschichle des Protestanlismus, Leipsic, 1903 sqq.; G. Frank, Geschichle der protestantischen Theologie, vol. 4. Die Theologie des 19. Jahrhunderts, Leipsic, 1905; F. H. Gale, The Story of Protestantism. London, 1906; J. Meyhoffer, he Martyrologe protestant des Pays-Bas (1523-97). iitude critique, Bruwls, 1907; D. Alcock, The Romance of Protestantism, London, 1908; K. Sell, Katholizismus und Protestanlismus in Geschichle, Religion, Politik, Kultur, Leipsic. 1908; E. Katzer, Luther und Kant. Ein Beitrag zur inneren Entwicklungsgeschichte des deutschen Protes-
tantismus, Giessen, 1910; J. Santo, he Protestanlitme. Ses chefs, ses erreurs, ses mifaits, Paris, 1910; Schaff Christian Church, vi. 43 eqq.
On the theory and principles consult: R. W. Dale, Protestantism: its ultimate Principles, London 1874- J. Hoffmann, Streiflichter auf den heutigen Protestanlismus, Wurzburg, 1881; C. W. P Mailer, Die Primipim des Protestanlismus, Strasburg, 1883; F. X. Weninger, Katholicismus, Protestantismus, und Unglaube, Mainz, 1885; D. H. Olmstead, The Protestant Faith; or, .Salvation by Belief: an Essay upon the Errors of the Protestant Church, New York, 1885; J. B. Roehm, Zur Characteristik der protestantischen Polemik der Gegenwart, Hildesheim, 1889; R. W. Dale, Protestantism, its Ultimate Duty, London, 1894; W. Hoenig, Der katholische und der protestantische Kirchenbegriff, Berlin, 1894; E. P. Usher, Protestantism; a Study, London, 1896; J. B. Roehm, Der Protestantismus unserer Tage, Munich, 1897; J. P. Lilley, The Principles of Protestantism, Edinburgh 1898; A.H.Gray,' Aspect of Protestantism, London, 1899; R. McEdgar, The Genius of Protestantism, Edinburgh, 1900; J. M. Gibson, Protestant Principles, London, 1901; J. B. Nichols, Evangelical Belief, new ed., London, 1903; J. Reville, he Protestantisme liberal, Paris, 1903; N. Smyth, Passing Protestantism and Coming Catholicism, New York, 1908; W. Bousset, Faith of a Modern Protestant, New York, 1909.
PROTEVANGELIUM. See Apocrypha, B, I., 1.
PROTHONOTARY APOSTOLIC (PR0T0N0- TARIUS APOSTOLICUS) : A member of a Roman Catholic college of twelve (formerly seven) prelates whose duty it is to register papal acts, proceedings of canonization, and similar records of exceptional importance. Clement I. is said to have appointed a notary for each of the seven districts of the city of Rome to record the acts of martyrs. They belonged to the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church and were appointed by the pope himself. In course of time additional notaries were required both inside and outside of Rome, whereupon the earlier " regional notaries " received the title of prothonotaries apostolic in token of their rights of precedence. Besides these acting prothonotaries there were also supernumerary and titular prothonotaries. The latter class, however, who claimed equal rights with the actual prothonotaries, were officially limited by Benedict XIV., Pius VII., and Pius IX. The pope last named, moreover, ruled that for the attestation of documents which are to be regarded as genuine in all Christendom there is no need of a titular prothonotary, but that the regular notaries apostolic suffice, these being appointed for each diocese on nomination by the bishop.
E. Sehling.
Bibliography: P M. Baumgarten, Der Papst, die Regienmg und die Verwaltung der heiligen Kirche in Rom, pp. 287- 288, Munich, 1904.
PROTOPOPE. See Protopresbyter.
PROTOPRESBYTER, ARCHPRESBYTER: Titles used in the early Church to designate the head of the college of presbyters who represented the bishop in case of absence or vacancy of the see (Bingham, Origines, II., xix. 18). According to the Justinian Code (I., iii. 42, § 10), there were sometimes several protopresbyters at one and the same church, who seem to have exercised a general supervision over worship. In the East, at the end of the twelfth century and later, the name prOtopapas (" protopope ") occurs with similar meaning, and as approximating the functions of the Chorepiscopus (q.v.), although in at least one instance a prdtopapas (of