THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
mcnian version, depending on a Greek text (which, however, is not original), was given in English translation by Conybeare in 1895. The Spelunca thesaurorum published by Bezold in Syriac and German in 1883-88 is enlarged in a Vita Adami published by Trumpp in 1880 from the Ethiopic, while the first part of the Vita Adami is from the Hexaemeron published by Trumpp in 1882. In the closest connection with this circle is the Testament of Adam (Syriac and French by Renan, 1853; Greek fragment by James, 1893). The Gnostic Sethi tes had very early an Apocalypse of Adam, and other Gnostics a Gospel of Eve. A Pcenitentise Adse is condemned in the Decretum Gelasii, and a " Life of Adam " is cited by Syncellus. A Gnostic writing entitled (40) Noria (wife of Noah) is cited by Epiphanius {Hot., xxvi. 1), who names also a Descent of Jacob (Gen. xxviii.) in Har., xxx. 16. For the (41) Letter of Aristeas see Aristeas.
V. Philosophical Pseudepigrapha : Mention may be made of (42) IV Maccabees or " The Supremacy of Reason," which was falsely attributed to Josephus. The book is based upon II Mace. vi. 18vii. 42. For the literature of sorcery cf. Schiirer, Geschichte, iii. 294 sqq., Eng. transl., II., iii. 151 sqq. A review of the later Jewish eschatological literature is afforded by Buttenwieser, Outline of the Neo-Hebraic Apocalyptic Literature, 1901. Much will be added to the knowledge of early Christianity when a more systematic investigation has been carried through not only of the contemporaneous pseudepigraphic Jewish literature, but also of the Talmud and of Jewish and even Mohammedan legend and indeed of the " new-oriental " body of literature. (G. Beer.)
Bibliography: Collections and translations are: J. A. Fabricius, Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti, vols, i.-ii., Hamburg, 1722-23; A. F. Gfrorer, Prophetce veteres pseudepigraphi, Stuttgart, 1840; Migne, Dictionnaire des apocryphes, Paris, 1856; A. Hilgenfeld, Messias Judceorum, Leipsic, 1869; O. F. Fritzsche, Libri apocryphi, ib. 1871; O. Zockler, Die Apokryphen nebst einem Anhang iiber die Pseudepigraphenlitteratur, Munich, 1891; J. Winter and A. Wiinsche, Die judische Litteratur seit Abschluss des Kanons, vol. i., Berlin, 1894; E. Kautzsch, Die Apocryphen und Pseudepigraphen des A. T ., Tubingen, 1900; the Uncanonical Writings of the Old Testament found in the Armenian MSS. of the Library of St. Lazarus, Eng. transl. by J. Issaverdens, Venice, 1901 (contains the Book of Adam, History of Assenath, History of Moses, Deaths of the Prophets, Concerning King Solomon, History of Prophet Elias, History of the Prophet Jeremiah, Vision of Enoch, Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, III Esdras, and other fragments).
Discussions introductory and explanatory will be found in DB, i. 109-110; EB, i. 213-250; Schurer, Geschichte, vol. iii., Eng. transl., II., iii. 1-250; JE, i. 669-685; E. Reuss, Geschichte der heiligen Schriften des A. T., Brunswick, 1890; W. J. Deane, Pseudepigrapha, Edinburgh, 1891; J. E. H. Thomson, Books which Influenced our Lord and his Apostles, ib. 1891; E. de Faye, Les Apocalypses juives, Paris, 1892; and the works on O. T. introduction by Konig, Bonn, 1893, H. L. Strack, Munich, 1895, and C. Cornill, Tubingen, 1905, Eng. transl., London, 1907. Further illustrative material will be found in A. Hilgenfeld, Die judische Apocalyptic, Jena, 1857; J. Langen, Das Judenthum in Palastina zur Zeit Christi, Freiburg, 1866; A. Hausrath, N eutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte, Heidelberg, 1873; M. Vernes, Hixt. des idees messianiques, Paris, 1874; J. Drummond, The Jewish Messiah, London, 1877; H. Gunkel, Schiipfung und Chaos, Gottingen, 1895; O. Holtzmann, N eutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte, Freiburg, 1S95; W. Bossuet, Antichrist, Gottingen, 1895; idem, Die Religion des Judentums, Berlin, 1903; E. Htihn, Die mes-
sianischen Weissagungen des jiXdischen Volkes, Tubingen 1899; Schrader, KAT; P. Volz, Judische Eschatologi'e von Daniel bis Akiba, Tubingen, 1903; W. Baldensperger Die messianischen apokalyptischen Hoffnungen des Judentums, Strasburg, 1903; M. Friedlander, Geschichte der judische Apologetik, Berlin, 1903; L. Conrad, Die religitisen und sittlichen Anschauungen der Pseudepigraphen
Giitersloh, 1907; DCB, iv. 506-510.
On the Psalms of Solomon the one book for the English reader is the ed. of Ryle and James, Cambridge, 1891 which gives the earlier literature. Further consult A. Carriere, De psalterio Salomonis, Strasburg, 1870; Vernes ut sup., pp. 121-139; J. Wellhausen, Pharisaer und Sadducaer, pp. 112-164, Greifswald, 1874; Drummond, ut sup., pp. 133-142; P E. Lucius, Der Essenismus, pp. 119- 121, Strasburg, 1881; Deane, ut sup., pp. 25-48; J. Girbal, Essai sur les psaumes de Solomon, Toulouse, 1887- Thomson, ut sup., pp. 268-296, 423-432; E. Jacquier, in L'Universite catholique, new series, xii (1893), 94-131 251-275; Levi, in REJ, xxxii (1896), 161-178; W. Frankenburg, Die Datierung der Psalmen Salomos, Giessen, 1896.
For the Ethiopic Enoch the one edition is that of Charles, Oxford, 1906 (gives the Greek text, the Ethiopic from the use of twenty-three manuscripts, and the Latin fragments ; a new translation is promised) . The Greek fragments from Akhmim were published by Lods in Memoires publies par les membres de la mission francaise au Caire ix. 1, 3, 1892-93; by Lods, Le Livre d'Henoch fragments decouverts, Paris, 1892; by Swete in his ed. of the Septuagint, iii. 789 sqq., 1899. The Latin fragment is in TS, ii. 3 (1893). English translations are by Laurence, London, 1821; Schodde, Andover, 1882; and Charles, Oxford, 1893. The best discussion is by Charles in his edition of the text. Descriptions of the material and ideas may be found in the general works of Verne3, Drummond, Deane, Faye, and Thomson named above. An excellent Fr. transl. is by F. Martin, Paris, 1906, with notes; a phase of the discussion is by H. Appel, Die Komposition des cethiopischen H enochbuches, Giitersloh, 1906. A very full list of literature is given by Schurer, Geschichte, iii. 203-209. For the Slavonic Enoch the ed. by Morfill and Charles named in the text is best; cf. Harnack, Geschichte, ii. 1, pp. 564 sqq.; and Charles in DB, i. 708-711. On the Assumption of Moses consult: The discussion of Schiirer, Geschichte, iii. 213-222 (excellent list of literature), Eng. transl., II., iii. 73-83; Drummond, ut sup., pp. 74-84; Lucius, ut sup., pp. 111-119, 127-128; Deane, ut, sup., pp. 94-130; Thomson, ut sup., pp. 321-339, 440- 450; Faye, ut sup., 67-74, 222-224; DB, iii. 448-450. For IV Ezra consult: B. Violet, Die Esra-Apocalypse, Leipsic, 1910; Gunkel in Kautzsch's Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen, ut sup.; Schiirer, Geschichte, iii. 232-250, Eng. transl., II., iii. 93-114; A. Le Hir, Etudes bibliques, i. 139-250, Paris, 1869; Wieseler, in TSK, xliii (1870), 263-304; Gutschmid, in ZWT, iii (1860), 1-81; E. Renan, in Revue desr deux mondes, March 1, 1875, pp. 127-144; idem, Les Evangiles, pp. 348-373, Paris, 1877 (also in Eng. transl., London, n.d.); Drummond, ut sup., pp. 84- 117; O. Kabisch, Das vierte Buch Ezra, Gottingen, 1889; Faye, ut sup., pp. 14-25, 35-45, 103-123, 155-165; C. Clemen, in TSK, lxxi (1898), 237-246. In the case of the Baruch Apocalypse note should be taken of the edition of the Greek fragments by Grenfell and Hunt in the publication of the Egypt Exploration Fund, Oxyrhynchos Papyri, vol. iii., 1903, and of the Germ, transl. by Ryssel in Kautzsch's Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen, 1900. For discussion consult: J. Langen, De apocalypsi Baruch, Freiburg, 1867; Schurer, Geschichte, iii. 223-232, Eng. transl., II., iii. 83-93; E. Renan, in Journal des savants, April, 1877, pp. 222-231; idem, Les Evangiles, pp. 517-530, Paris, 1877; Drummond, ut sup., pp. 190-198; A. Hilgenfeld, in ZWT, xxxi (1888), 257-278; Deane, ut sup., 130-162; Thomson, ut sup., pp. 253-267, 414-422; O. Kabisch, in JPT, xviii (1892), 66-107; Faye, ut sup., pp. 25-28, 77-103, 192-204; J. R. Harris, in Expositor, April, 1897, pp. 255-265; C. Clemen, in TSK, lxxi (ISPS), 227-237. On the Apocalypses of Zephaniah and Elijah consult: Bouriant in Memoires publies par les membres de la mission archeologique francaise au ('aire, l. - (1885), 260 sqq.; Stern, in Zeitschrift filr Otii/ptisclir Sprache, .xxiv (1886), 115 sqq.; G. Steindorff, Die Apokalypse des Elias, in TU, ii. 3 (1899; gives Coptic text, Germ, transl., and glossary). For the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs the best book is the translation by Charles,
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