THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
lish home. Visiting England he published The Meritorious Price of our Redemption (London, 1650) controverting the Calvinistic view of the atonement. The heresies it contained (that Christ did not suffer for man the torments of hell, nor bear man's sins, nor the curse of the law for them, and therefore did not redeem mankind by suffering that curse) aroused great consternation in Massachusetts Bay Colony and upon his return the general court condemned the book to be burned by the executioner and cited Pynchon to appear before it in May, 1651. He acknowledged the order by answering in a letter that he had been entirely misunderstood; but he was summoned again in Oct., 1651, and again in May, 1652. He ignored both orders, and, leaving his children, he returned to
England, Sept., 1652. He further published Meritorious Price of our Redemption (1655), revised with a rejoinder to the answer of John Morton, A Further Discussion of . . the Sufferings of Christ (1653); The J ewes Synagogue (1652); How the First Sabbath was Ordained (1654); and The Covenant of Nature Made with Adam (1662).
Bibliography: Massachusetts Historical Collections, 2 ser., vol. viii., 10 vols., Boston, 1814-23; J. G. Palfrey, Hi,. tory of New England, ii. 395-396, 4 vols.. New York, 1858-75; H. M. Dexter, The Congregationalism of the La«t 300 Years as seen in its Literature, Appendix, nos. 1552, 1638, 1642, 1705, ib. 1880; F. H. Foster, Genetic Hist, of New England Theology, pp. 16-20, 114, Chicago, 1907; DNB, xlvii. 85.
PYX. See Vessels, Sacred, § 3.
QUADRAGESIMA. See Lent; Sunday.
QUADRATUS, cwed-ra'tus: The earliest Christian apologist. The only source is Eusebius, in his Chronicon, and in Hist, eccl., IV., iii., I., ii. According to this authority Quadratus claimed to be a disciple of the apostles, and that, to furnish to his brethren in the faith a defense against the false charges brought by the heathen, he wrote a learned defense of Christianity which he forwarded to the Emperor Hadrian (q.v.; 117-138). The passage in the Chronicon runs as follows: " Quadratus, a disciple of the apostles and Aristides, a presbyter of Athens, composed and sent to Hadrian books in favor of the Christian religion." The same fact is stated in the " History " in practically the same words. Though Eusebius declares " the apology is still current among very many of the brethren," only one meager fragment has survived (cited in his Hist, eccl., IV., hi.; Eng. transl. in NPNF, 2 ser. i. 175).
The question has been raised whether Quadratus the apologist is the same person as Quadratus the prophet mentioned by Eusebius in Hist, eccl., III., xxx vii., as Otto, Zahn, and Hilgenfeld have contended. The chronology favors the identification. The mention of the prophet by Eusebius follows immediately after his report of the speech of Ignatius of Antioch, whose martyrdom took place under Trajan, or perhaps under Hadrian. And Harnack, who was formerly against the identification, in his Litteratur (i. 96) grants the probability. Eusebius also mentions (Hist, eccl., TV., xxiii.) a Quadratus who was elected bishop of Athens as successor to the martyr Publius. In two passages of his works (De vir. ill., xix., Eng. transl. in NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 367-368; and Epist., Ixx., Eng. transl. in NPNF, 2 ser., vi. 150) Jerome speaks of the bishop of Athens as identical with the apologist. But chronology is against this identification. The apologist, according to the passage from Eusebius cited above, flourished in the time of Hadrian, and the Athenian bishop appears, according to the same author, to have been a contemporary of Bishop Dionysius of Corinth and the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. A. Harnack (Litteratur, i. 95-96) declares " The state-
ment of Jerome on this point is unworthy of credit," and Bardenhewer and others agree with him.
(Franz Gorres.) Bibliography: A. Harnack, in TV, i. 1-2 (1882), 100-114; idem, Litteratur, i. 95-96, ii. 1, pp. 269-271; T. Zahn, in NKZ, ii (1891), 281-287; idem, Forschungen, vi (1900), 41-53; Bardenhewer, Geschichte, i. 168-171; DCB, iv. 523.
QUADRILATERAL: A name given to four articles, adopted as a basis of Christian union by the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church at Chicago in 1886 and by the Lambeth Conference in 1888. See Fundamental Doctrines of Christianity, II., § 11; Lambeth Conference.
QUAKERS. See Friends.
QUARLES, cwerlz: Name of writers of sacred poetry.
1 . Francis Quarles was born at the manor-house of Stewards at Romford (12 m. n.e. of London) May 8, 1592; d. at London Sept. 8, 1644. He was educated at Christ Church, Cambridge (B.A., 1608), studied law at Lincoln's Inn- was cup-bearer to Princess Elizabeth on her marriage to the elector palatine in 1613; became secretary to James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh, Ireland, in 1629 lived in retirement at Roxwell, Essex, 1633-39" and was chronologer to the city of London, 1639- 1644, with residence in that city. He was a stanch royalist and in the revolution his manuscripts were destroyed. His first attempts at verse were Bib- Heal paraphrases such as A Feast of Wormes set forth in a Poeme of the History of Jonah, published with Hymne to God and Pentelogia (London, 1620), Hadassa: History of Queen Esther (1621), Job Militant (1624), Sion's Elegies wept by Jeremie the Prophet (1624), Sion's Sonnets sung by Solomon the King (1625), and Historie of Samson (1631); all of which were bound together with an Alphabet of Elegies (1625) in one volume entitled Divine Poems (London, 1633 and often). The work which won him immediate and phenomenal popularity was Emblemes (1635, 1634); it was issued in five books, the forty-five prints in the last three of which, as well as the verses either translated or