RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Quirk Ratoaut
to true repentance. While still only a monk, he
composed his De clericorum institutions dedicated
to Archbishop Haistulf, written to in-
Ecclesias- struct the clergy on the significance tical of their office and things connected Works, with it. The first book treats of the Church, holy orders, clerical vestments, the mass, and the sacraments; the second of liturgies; and the third of the theological and general education of the clergy. Though an original work in substance, it yet owes a good deal (as Rabanus himself says) to older treatises, especially the Instilutiones of Cassiodorus and the De doctrina Christiana of Augustine. To the same period belong a grammatical work after Priscian and a chronological Liber de computo (820). While abbot of Fulda, he seems to have put together his Martyrology, and after he had retired to the Petersberg to have employed his leisure in writing the twenty-two books De universo, a sort of encyclopedic compendium of knowledge. To the same interval of quiet belongs the De ecclesiastica disciplina, partly based on Augustine and partly a recasting of the De clericorum institutione; only the last book, entitled De agone Christiano, a compendium of ethical teaching, is independent. During his episcopate he expanded the first book of the De clericorum institutione into a more extended treatise De sacris ordinibus, sacramentis divinis et vestmentis sacerdotalibus, and wrote a treatise De anima, dedicated to the Emperor Lothair. Of uncertain date is the Allegorice, a collection of terms used allegorically in Scripture, with explanations and examples. A few writings on ecclesiastical discipline remain*"to be mentioned — the Panitentium liber, dedicated to Otgar of Mainz ; a Pasnitentiale composed during his episcopate at the request of Heribald of Auxerre ; a letter, and a treatise addressed to Hatto of Fulda, on degrees of consanguinity; another De magicis artibus; and a letter to the chorepiscopus Reginbald on various disciplinary questions.
Controversies of the time gave rise to the De oblatione puerorum, an affirmation of the perpetuity of monastic principles under all conditions occasioned by the decision of the Council of Mainz to release Gottschalk (q.v.) from his vows, and a number of letters dealing with the whole controversy associated with his name; a memorial to Drogo of Metz on the position of Chorepiscopi (q.v.); a defense of Louis the Pious against his sons and the bishops after the events of 833, and the somewhat later De vitiis et virtutibus. In verse he showed himself, though not at great poet, a competent artist ; to this division belong his earliest work, In laudem sanctce crucis, and a number of epitaphs and other inscriptions. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The Opera, ed. J. Pamelius, A. de Henin, and G. Colvenerius, were issued in 6 vols., Cologne, 1626- 1627, reprinted, with prolegomena and a collection of lives, in MPL, cvii.-cxii. The poems, with prolegomena, are in MGH, Poet. Lat. cevi Carol., ii (1884), 154-244; and the Epistolce are in MGH, Epist, v (189S), 379 sqq., 517 sqq. Sources for a life are the Miracula sanctorum of Rudolphus, ed. G. Waitz in MGH, Script., xv (1887), 328 sqq., and with commentary in ASB, Feb., i. 500-522; J. F. Bohmer, Regesta archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium, ed. C. Will, pp. xiv,-xxiv.t 64 sqq., Innsbruck, 1877; and the material gathered in MPL, cvii. Consult further:
J. K. Dahl, Leben und Schriften des Erzbischofs Rabanus Maurus, Fulda, 1828; N. Bach, Hrabanus Maurus, der Schofper des deutschen Schulwesens, Fulda, 1835; F. Kunstmann, Hrabanus Magnentius Maurus, Mainz, 1841; H. Colombel, Vita Hrabani Mauri, Weilburg, 1856; T. Spengler, Leben des heiligen Rhabanus Maurus, Regensburg, 1856; C. Schwartz, Zur Feier der 1000-jahrigen Erinnerung an Rabanus Maurus, Fulda, 1858; E. Dummler, in NA, iv. 286-294; idem, Geschichte des ostfrankischen Reiehs, i. 299-303, 383-390, Berlin, 1862; idem, in ADB, xxvii. 66-74; E. Kohler, Hrabanus Maurus und die Schule zu Fulda, Leipsic, 1869; J. C. F. Bahr, Geschichte der romischen Literatur im karolingischen Zeitalter, pp. 415-447, Carlsruhe, 1870; J. B. Mullinger, The Schools of Charles the Great, pp. 138-157, London, 1877; A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, ii. 120- 145, Leipsic, 1880; A. West, Alcuin and the Rise of the Christian Schools, New York, 1893; H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, New York, 1895; Hauck, KD, ii. 620 sqq.; Mann, Popes, pp. 146-147, 256, 316; Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 424 sqq., 522, 525 sqq., 614-615, 713-728; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 457 sqq.; KL, x. 697 sqq.
RABAUT (ST. ETIENNE), re'bo, JEAN PAUL: French Protestant, oldest son of Paul Rabaut; b. at Nimes Nov. 14, 1743; d. at Paris Dec. 5, 1794. As a student he gave evidence of great oratorical ability. He was ordained to the ministry in 1764; the next year he became his father's colleague, and a " preacher in the Desert." In 1768 he married, and was subsequently diverted from his career as a preacher into the current of political affairs. He went to Paris in 1785 to labor for the liberation from prison of his coreligionists, where he gained the ear of such influential men as Rulhieres, Malesherbes, and Lafayette. He was appointed deputy from his native town to the National Assembly, and in the memorable session of 1789 his arguments produced such profound impression that the motion of Count Castellane was carried: "No man should be disturbed because of his opinions or harassed in the exercise of his religion." On Mar. 14, 1790, he was, in spite of the decided opposition of the Roman Catholic party, elected president of the National Assembly. During his sojourn in Paris he devoted himself to literary pursuits, and on Sept. 2, 1792, he was again elected to the National Convention. In the trial by that assembly of Louis XVI. he cast his vote against the latter, urging clemency, while throughout the proceedings he strongly contended against the jurisdiction of the convention in its case against the king. He was promptly proscribed by the authorities, but managed to keep in hiding until Dec. 4 of that year, when, owing to an indiscretion, he was arrested, and on the following day beheaded under Robespierre's regime. His collected works appeared in six volumes, edited by his friend, Boissy dAnglas (Paris, 1820-26); the most noteworthy being: Le Vieux Cevenol, ou anecdotes de la vie d'Ambroise Borelly (1779), appearing under different titles 1788, 1820, 1826, etc., where, interwoven with a family biography, may be found a thrilling account of the persecutions and hardships to which the followers of Protestantism were subjected by the Roman Catholic party and the French government; Lettre sur la vie de Court de Gebelin (1784); Lettres A M. Bailly sur Vhistoire primitive de la Grice (1787); while the best account, from a historical standpoint, of the French Revolution may be found in
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