RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Roman Catholics
U. S., ib. 1909; J. L. Kirlin, Catholicity in Philadelphia from the Earliest Missionaries down to the Present Time, Philadelphia, 1909; F. T. Morton, The Roman Catholic Church and its Relation to the Federal Government, Boston, 1909; The Catholic Church in the United States, New York, 1908 sqq. On Other Countries consult: B. Wolferstan, The Catholic Church in China 1880-1907, London, 1909; P. Pierling, La Russie et la Saint-Siege. Etudes diplomatiques, Paris, 1896-1901; L. Lescceur, L'Eglise catholiques et le gouvernement russe, ib. 1903; P. H. Zachers, Geschiedenis van het Herstel der Hierarchie in die Nederlanden, 2 vols., Nijmegen, 1903-04; G. Verspeyen, Le Parti catholique beige, Ghent, 1893; F. Deschamps, Catholiques actuels. Nos littiraires, Louvain, 1893; L. Schmitt, Die Verteidigung der katholischen Kirche in Danemark gegen die Religionsneuerung im 16. Jahrhundert, Paderborn, 1899; J. P. Restrepo, La Iglesia y el Estado en Colombia, London, 1885.
On the Uniate churches consult: L. Allatius, De ecclesiw occidentalis atque orientalis perpetua consensione, Cologne, 1648; P. P. Rodota, Del Origine . .. del rito Greco in Italia, Rome, 1758-63; A. Theiner, Die neuesten Zustdnde der katholischen Kirchen beider Ritus in Polen und Russland seit Katharina II., Augsburg, 1841; O. Meier, Die Propaganda, ihre Provinzen und ihr Recht, 2 parts, Gottingen, 1852-53; L. Lescoeur, L'Eglise catholique en Pologne, Paris, 1860; J. Lelewel, Hist, de la Lithuanie et de la Ruthinie, Paris, 1861 ; M. von Malinowski, Die Kirchen- und Staatsatzungen beziiglich des griechischkatholischen Ritus der Ruthenen in Galizien, Lemberg, 1861; J. Hergenrother, Die Rechtsverhaltnisse der verschiedenen Riten, in Archiv fur katholisches Kirchenrecht, vols, vii.-viii., 1862; L. Tolstoi, Le Catholicisme romain en Russie, Paris, 1863; A. Pichler, Geschichte der kirchlichen Trennung zwischen dem Orient und Occident, 2 vols., Munich, 1864-65; J. B. Pitra, Juris ecclesiastici Grcecorum historia et monumenta, 2 vols., Rome, 1864-68; A. Theiner and F. Miklosich, Monumenta spectantia ad unionem ecclesiarum Grcecae et Romance, Vienna, 1872; J. Pelesz, Geschichte der Union der ruthenischen Kirche rn.it Rom, 2 vols., Vienna, 1878-80; N. Nilles, Kalendarium manuale utriusque ecclesice, 4 vols., Innsbruck, 1879—85, 2d ed. of vols, i.-ii., 1896-97; E. Likowski, Geschichte des'allgemeinen Verfalls der unierten ruthenischen Kirche im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, 2 vols., Posen, 1885-87; O. Werner, Orbis terrarum catholicus sive totius ecclesice catholicce . conspectus geographicus et statisticus, Freiburg, 1890; F. Kattenbusch, V ergleichende Konfessionskunde, Leipsic, 1892; G. M. Rae, The Syrian Church in India, London, 1892; A. Arndt, Die gegenseitigen Rechtsverhaltnisse der Riten in der katholischen Kirche, in Archiv fur katholisches Kirchenrecht, lxxi (1894); W. Kohler, Die katholischen Kirchen des Morgenlands, Darmstadt, 1896 (very thorough); H. Denzinger, Ritus orientalium, 2 vols., Wiirzburg, 1863-64, 9th ed., 1900; M. Fowler, Christian Egypt, London, 1901 ; K. Beth, Die orientalische Christenheit der Mittelmeerlander, Berlin, 1902; Cotroneo, II Rito Greco in Calabria, Reggio, 1902; F. Loofs, Symbolik, i. 393 sqq., Tubingen, 1902; E. Likowski, Die ruthenischromische Kirchenvereinigung, genannt Union zu Brest, Cracow, 1904; A. Silbernagl, Verfassung und gegenwartiger Bestand samtlicher Kirchen des Orients, 2d ed., ed. J. Schnitzer, Regensburg, 1904; Prince Max, Duke of Saxony] Vorlesungen iiber die orientalische Kirchenfrage, Freiburgin-Switzerland, 1907; Sesostris Sidarouss, Des Patriarcats. Les Patriarcats dans V empire ottoman et specialement en Egypte, Paris, 1907; Charon, Le quinziime centenaire de S. Jean Chrysostome, pp. 258-264, Rome, 1909; KL, iii. 41-45, vi. 428-446, 1133-41, x. 1418-20; Hubner-Juraschek, Geographisch-statistische Tabellen aller Lander (an annual); La Gerarchia Cattolica (an annual).
ROMAN CATHOLIC EUCHARISTIC CON- GRESSES: Name given to assemblies of ecclesiastics and laymen convened for the purpose of glorifyinge the Eucharist, and of devising means to promote knowledge and love thereof among the faithful. Because of the constant traditional doctrine of the real presence (see Lord's Supper; and Transubstantiation), the Eucharist has always been considered as the most precious treasure bestowed
by Christ upon his Church, and for long centuries it has been the center of Roman Catholic worship, the chief source of Christian piety. The latter half of the nineteenth century was marked by a general movement among Roman Catholics in the direction of an increase of devotion toward the Eucharist; confraternities of the Blessed Sacrament were organized, and works of adoration and the practise of frequent communion became more wide-spread (see Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament). Of this general movement Eucharistic Congresses became an important and stimulating factor. The first of these gatherings was convened at the instance of Bishop Gaston de Segur and was held at Lille, France, in June, 1881. It was a local event with a small attendance, but the idea rapidly gained favor and from the year 1885 when the fourth congress was held in Freiburg, Switzerland, under the direction of Mgr. Mermillod, bishop of Lausanne, the assemblies began to assume an international character. The eighth congress was held in Jerusalem (May 14-21, 1893) and was presided over by Cardinal Langemeux, archbishop of Reims, who acted as papal delegate sent by Leo XIII. In the mean time there had grown up, in all countries where Roman Catholics were numerous, local gatherings of the Eucharistic leagues, and these too became potent factors in the spread of the devotion. The nineteenth congress was held in London Sept. 9- 13, 1908. It was attended by a vast number of ecclesiastics and laymen from all parts of the world, and it was considered to be in many respects the most important congress yet held. Besides great numbers of bishops and priests, there were present seven cardinals, among whom was Cardinal Vincenzo Vanutelli, who presided as special delegate of Pius X. It had been planned to carry the host in triumphal procession through the streets, but on account of violent opposition on the part of many English non-Catholics the project was abandoned after a request to that effect had been addressed by Premier Asquith to Archbishop Bourne of Westminster. The twentieth congress was held in Montreal, Canada, Sept. 7-11, 1910. It was the first held in America, and in point of enthusiasm and attendance on the part of the faithful it surpassed all previous gatherings of the kind. Three cardinals were present, one of them being Cardinal Vincenzo Vanutelli, who again presided as papal delegate. Among the salient features of the congress were a monster procession in the streets, and an open-air mass celebrated on the southeastern slope of Mount Royal at which 40,000 persons assisted.
James F. Driscoll.
Bibliography : Thomas F. Meehan, in Catholic Encyclopedia, v. 593-594, New York, 1909; official Reports of the different congresses; The Narrative of the Eucharistic Congress, Montreal, 1910; A. Segur, Biographie nouvelle de Mgr. De Segur, Paris, 1885.