RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Saxony- Scar borough
of Christ Church, Middletown, N. Y. (1890-91); Trinity, Toledo, O. (1891-96); and Emmanuel, La Grange, 111. (1896-1906). He was Deputation lecturer on " the Church in the United States " for the London Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and has lectured extensively in the United States on similar topics. In 1906 he was consecrated third bishop of the diocese of Oregon. He has written Direct Answers to Plain Questions for American Churchmen (New York, 1901).
SCALIGER, scal'i-ger (DE LA SCALA), JOSEPH JUSTUS: Founder of scientific chronology and philologist; b. at Agen (73 m. s.e. of Bordeaux) Aug. 4, 1540; d. at Leyden Jan. 21, 1609. Son of the famous French scholar, Julius Caesar Scaliger, he devoted himself to the study of classical and oriental languages at Paris, after 1558. He entered the Reformed church, 1562, and became one of its leading representatives; traveled in Italy, England, and Scotland, 1565-66; studied at Valence, 1570; fled from his native land after the massacre of St. Bartholomew; was professor at Geneva, 1572- 1574; spent his time in traveling throughout France or residing at the castle of his friend, a French nobleman, Louis Chastaigner de la Rochepozay, 1574-93; and was professor and head of the University of Leyden from 1593. Scaliger is the leading philologist of France, and secured the scientific investigation of the classics and the adoption of the principles for the correction of ancient texts by his acute critical method. In the field of historical chronology, his M. Manilii Astronomicon libri quinque (1579) may be considered an introduction to his famous work Opus novum de emendatione temporum (Paris, 1583; best enlarged ed., Cologne, 1629). In this he takes the Julian period as the larger basis, upon which he calculates the time periods of the history of the peoples. This embraces the periods of 7,980 Julian years, and is therefore a union of the sun, moon, and indiction cycles. Here is to be mentioned also Hippolyti canon paschalis (Leyden, 1595). He wrote his Elenchus trihozresii Nicolai Serarii (Franeker, 1605), against the attempted refutation by the Jesuits of his denial of monasticism during the Apostolic period; and in this he set forth on scientific grounds, for the first time, that the representation of the " contemplative life " by Eusebius (Hist, eccl., ii. 17) was untenable. The capstone of his work was the edition and restitution of the synchronistic Eusebian chronicon, Thesaurus temporum Eusebii (Leyden, 1606), which by its inestimable sources of pre-classic history, seemed to him best adapted as a foundation upon which to erect the treasure-house of the times. The principal results of his investigation appeared under the subtitle Synagoge historian, better known under the separate title Olympiadon anagraphe (Berlin, 1852), partly in the words of the original authors, partly in a free rendering. To this he appended Isagogici chronologic canones (" Main Points to the Introduction of Chronology ") as his own. His Epistolce appeared Leyden, 1627, while Epistres francoises to him was issued Harderwyck, 1624, and Lettres francaises inidites, Paris, 1879.
(G. LAUBMANNf.)
Bibliography: Sources are: D. Baudius, Oratio funebris honori J. J. Scaligeri, Leyden, 1609; D. Heinsius,
In obitum . . J. Scaligeri orationes duae, Leyden,
1609; D. Gerdes, in Miscellanea Duisburgensia, vol. iv., 6 vols., Amsterdam, 1732-45. Consult further: C. Nisard, Le Triumvirat litteraire au 16. siecle, pp. 149-308, Paris, 1852; J. Bernays, J. J. Scaliger, Berlin, 1855; E. and E. Haag, La France protestante, vii. 1-26, Paris, 1857; C. Seitz, Memoire sur J. J. Scaliger et Geneve, Geneva, 1895.
SCANNELL, THOMAS BARTHOLOMEW: English Roman Catholic; b. at London July 8, 1854. After completing his education at St. Edmund's College, Ware, and the English College, Rome, he was ordained to the priesthood in 1878, and from that year until 1885 was professor of philosophy in St. Edmund's College. He was for several years an administrator of the Southwark Fund for Infirm Priests, and has served as missioner in Brighton, Norwood, Sheerness, Folkstone, and Weybridge. In 1896 he was appointed as one of the papal commissioners on the question of the validity of Anglican orders, and since 1908 has been one of the canons of Southwark Cathedral. In collaboration with J. Wilhelm he prepared a Manual of Catholic Theology, based on Scheeben's " Dogmatik," vol. i. (London, 1890), and besides editing the fourth and following editions of the Catholic Dictionary of W E. Addis and T. Arnold (London, 1893 sqq.), has written The Priest's Studies (London, 1908).
SCAPEGOAT. See Atonement, Day of; Azazel.
SCAPULAR: A small badge or token consisting of two little pieces of cloth joined by cords, and worn over the shoulders, whence the name. Confraternities connected with various religious orders received the privilege of wearing this small representative of the habit, in token of participation in prayer, good works, and spiritual privileges with the order. These confraternities are now very widespread, and the wearing of the scapular is an approved act of devotion in the Roman Catholic Church. The most famous of the different scapulars is the brown or Carmelite scapular, the history of which goes back to a vision supposed to have been vouchsafed by the Virgin Mary to St. Simon Stock (1164-1212) of the Carmelite order, in which she promised blessings to those who should devoutly wear this scapular. Others are the black scapular of the Servite order and the red of the Passionists.
SCAPULARY. See Vestments and Insignia, Ecclesiastical.
SCARBOROUGH, scar'bur-o, JOHN: Protestant Episcopal bishop of New Jersey; b. at Castlewellan (25 m. s. of Belfast), County Down, Ireland, Apr. 25, 1831. He was educated at Trinity College Hartford (A.B., 1854), and at the General Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1857- He was ordered deacon in the same year and was advanced to the priesthood in 1858. After being curate of St. Paul's, Troy, N. Y., from 1857 to 1860, he was rector of the Church of the Holy Comforter, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (1860-67), and of Trinity, Pittsburg, Pa. (1867-75). In 1875 he was consecrated bishop of New Jersey.
Schaeder Schaff