RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Schinner Schlatter
long duration (1378-1429), it was styled the "great papal schism." After the death of Gregory XI., 1378, who had restored the papal The Great residence to Rome, the sixteen car- Schism, dinals then present in Rome elected, Apr. 8, Archbishop Bartholomew of Bari as Pope Urban VI. However, he had embittered some of the cardinals through gross harshness and indiscriminate censure of prevalent abuses in the college of cardinals and in the Curia. Therefore a quota of cardinals, thirteen in number, who had betaken themselves to Avignon, elected, Sept. 20, Cardinal Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII., affirming that the election of Urban VI. was invalid on account of the coercion brought to bear against them by the population of Rome. In Italy, nevertheless, public sentiment continued overwhelmingly in favor of Urban VI., while Germany, England, Denmark, and Sweden also sided with him. On the other hand, Clement VII. soon became acknowledged by France; and after he had transferred his residence to Avignon, French influence also contrived to draw Scotland, Savoy, and later, Castile, Aragon, and Navarre to his cause. Thus two popes were arrayed one against the other. Each had his own college of cardinals, thus affording a protraction of the schism by means of new papal elections. Urban VI. was followed by Boniface IX. (1389-1404); Innocent VIII. (1404-06); and Gregory XII. (1406-15). After Clement VII., in 1394, came Benedict XIII. The papacy having shown itself incapable of abating the schism, the only expedient was the convening of a general council. This assembled at Pisa, in 1408, and the delegates sat from the start in common accord. Though the council deposed both Gregory XII. and Benedict XIII., and elected in their place Alexander V., who was succeeded in 1410 by John XXIII. , this procedure failed to stop the schism. The two former popes asserted themselves so that the Church now had three popes. The futility of the Council of Pisa led to the convocation of the Council of Constance (1414-18) . In 1415 this declared that, as representative organ of the ecumenical Church, it possessed the supreme ecclesiastical authority, and every one, even the pope, must yield obedience. In the same year, accordingly, it deposed John XXIII., and again declared Benedict XIII. as a schismatic to have forfeited his right to the papal see. With the election of Martin V., which took place Nov. 11, 1417, by action of the duly appointed conciliar deputation, the schism was practically terminated, though not absolutely ended until 1429; for Benedict XIII., though almost wholly forsaken, defied the sentence of deposition as long as he lived (d. 1424) ; and Canon iEgidius Munoz of Barcelona, whom the few cardinals that lingered with Benedict elected as Clement VIII. , did not relinquish his dignity until five years after.
The last schism in the Roman Church was provoked by the conflict of the Council of Basel with Pope Eugenius IV. ; whom the council, after his deposition, opposed with an anti-pope in the person of Duke Amadeus of Savoy, Felix V. (1439-1444). This schism, however, was insignificant, because Felix V- was unable to win any appreciable follow-
ing outside the council. The Vatican Council declared the pope to be absolute monarch in the Church, and the episcopate now con- Last stitutes only his advisory adjunct at Schism, the general council. But if such is the case, then the episcopate is no longer competent, apart from the pope, where his right is in question, to exercise its earlier judicial prerogatives; and he alone, as the supreme organ, is authorized to decide on the matter of his legitimacy. Hence the means appointed by the Council of Constance for abolishing a papal schism can be no longer applied in the present status of the papacy.
E. Sbhling.
Bibliography: T. Le Mesurier, The Nature and Guilt of Schism with particular Reference to the Principles of
the Reformation, London, 1808; I. H. von Wessenberg, Die grossen Kirchenversammlungen des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderten, ii. 353 sqq., Constance, 1840; T. Lindner, Geschichte des deutschen Reichs . unter Konig Wenzel, 4 vols., Brunswick, 1875-80; L. Gayet, Le Grand Schisme a" Occident, Florence, 1889; F. J. Scheuffyen, Beitrage zu der Geschichte des grossen Schismas, Freiburg, 1889; G. B. Howard, The Schism between the Oriental and Western Churches, New York, 1892; N. Valois, La France et le schisme d'occident, 2 vols., Paris, 1896; C. Locke, Age of the Great Western Schism, New York, 1897; M. Souchon. Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas, 1378— 1417, Brunswick, 1898; L. Salembier, Le Grand Schisme d'occident 1378-1417, Paris, 1902; F. P. Bliemetzrieder, Das Generalkonzil im grossen abendlandischen Schisma, Paderbom, 1904; Pastor, Popes, vol. i.; KL, x. 1792- 1805.
SCHLATTER, shla'ter, ADOLF: German Protestant; b. at St. Gall (19 m. s.e. of Constance), Switzerland, Aug. 16, 1852. He was educated at the universities of Basel and Tubingen (1872-75), and in 1888 became privat-docent at Bern, where he was appointed associate professor in the same year. Within a few months he was called to Greifswald as full professor of New-Testament exegesis, where he remained until 1893, when he went to Berlin as professor of systematic theology. Since 1898 he has been professor of New-Testament exegesis in the University of Tubingen. He has been associate editor since 1897 of the Beitrage zur Forderung der christlichen Theologie, and has written: Der Glaube im Neuen Testament (Leyden, 1885); Einleitung in die Bibel (Calw, 1889); Erlduterungen zum Neuen Testament (11 vols., 1890-1910); Jason von Cyrene (Munich, 1891); Zur Topographie und Geschichte Palastinas (Calw, 1893); Der Chronograph aus dem zehnten Jahre Antonius (Leipsic, 1894) ; Geschichte Israels von Alexander den Grossen bis Hadrian (Calw, 1901); Predigten in der Stiftskirche zu Tubingen gehalten (8 vols., Tubingen, 1902-10); Die Theologie des Neuen Testaments (parts i.-ii., Calw and Stuttgart, 1909) ; Die Theologie des Neuen Testaments und die Dogmatik (Giitersloh, 1909); and Die philosophische Arbeit seit Cartesius nach ihrem ethischen und religiosen Ertrag (1910).
SCHLATTER, MICHAEL: Reformed (German) Church in the United States; b. at St. Gall (19 m. s.e. of Constance), Switzerland, July 14, 1716; d. at Chestnut Hill, near Philadelphia, Oct. 31, 1790. He studied in the gymnasium of his native town, and probably also at Helmstadt; was for some time a teacher in Holland, where he was ordained to the
Schlatter Schleiermacher