THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
of Scripture and to advocate the authentic interpretation of the Church. The decisive step was taken by him at Breslau, whither he had gone from Danzig, where, during a severe illness toward the end of 1552, he received the Lord's Supper after the Roman rite and confirmed his rehabilitation as a Roman Catholic by confession. He then removed to Xeisse, the seat of Bishop Promnitz, in whose service he erected a school and was active in other directions. Hand in hand with Canisius, he aided in the restoration of Roman Catholicism in Austria and Bavaria. Being elected superintendent of the University of Ingolstadt toward the end of 1560, he undertook a reformation of that demoralized institution. He hailed the idea of a general council, but thought that it should be preceded by negotiations between the emperor and the Protestants in order to win their consent. A great advantage, according to him, could be derived from the inner discord of the Protestants. In 1562 Emperor Ferdinand requested Staphylus to extract from the opinions of different theologians a definite statement of what in the name of the emperor should be presented to the council as a program of reform. It appeared as Consultatio imperatoris Ferdinandi I. iussu instituta de artic. ref. in Cone. Trident, prop. Staphylus published also: Synodus sanctorum patrum antiquorum contra nova dogmata Andrea, Osiandri (Nuremberg, 1553); Theologioz Martini Lutheri trimembris epitome (1558) ; Scriptum colloquentium August. Conf. cum
oppositis antwtationibus (1558); Historia et apologia de dissolutione colloquii nuper Wormatim instituti (Nisa?, 1558). In these polemical works against the Protestants he criticized especially the idolatry of Luther and opposed to Protestant subjectivism the objective norms of tradition and the consensus of the Church. His last work was, Vom letzten und grossen Abfall, so vor der Zukunft des Antichrist geschehen soil (Ingolstadt, 1565). By Abfall, " apostasy," he meant Lutheranism.
(P TSCHACKERT.)
Bibliography: His Opera were digested into a single volume, Ingolstadt, 1613, and selections are in G. T. Strobel. Miscellaneen literarischen Inhalts, i. 219 sqq., ii. 225 sqq., 6 vols., Nuremberg, 1778-82, and in J. G. Schellhorn, Amaznitates historioe ecclesiastical et literarice, i. 611 sqq.,ii. 564 sqq., 2 vols., Erfurt, 1737-40, as well as in the same author's Ergbtzlichkeiten, ii. 136 sqq., 337 sqq., 469 sqq., Ulm, 1763. Sources are the sketch by his son in the Opera, ut sup.; that by Strobel, Miscellaneen, ut sup., i. 3—4; C. Hartknoch, Preussischen Kirchen-Historia, pp. 295 sqq., Frankfort, 1686. Consult further: C. A. Salig, Vollstandige Historie der augsburgischen Konfession, ii. 902 sqq., 3 vols., Halle, 1730-35; ii. Toppen, Die Grilndung der Universitat zu Konigsberg, passim, Konigsberg, 1844; W. Holler, Andreas Osiander, 309 sqq., et passim, Elberfeld, 1870; P. Tschackert, V rkundenbwch zur Reformations- Geschichte des Herzogtums Preussen, i. 294 sqq., and vol. iii., Leipsic, 1890; ADB, xxxv. 457 sqq.
STARBUCK, EDWIN DILLER: Writer on the psychology of religion; b. at Bridgeport, Ind., Feb. 20, 1866. He received his education at Indiana University (B.A., 1890), Harvard University (M.A., 1895), and Clark University (Ph.D., 1897); was professor of mathematics in Vincennes University, Ind., 1891-93; assistant professor of education in Leland Stanford Jr. University, Cal., 1897- 1903; professor of education in Earlham College, Ind., 1904-06; and of philosophy in the State Uni-
versity of Iowa since 1906. His interest for theology lies in his contributions to the psychology of religion, among which may be noted: Psychology of Religion (London and New York, 1899; Germ, transl., Leipsic, 1909); a series of studies on " The Child Mind and Child Religion " in The Biblical World, Jan., 1907-08; and on, " Reinforcement to the Pulpit from Modern Psychology " in The Homilelic Review, 1907-09. His theological position is that of monistic idealism.
STARCK, shtark, JOHANN FRIEDRICH: German author; b. at Hildesheim (18 m. s.e. of Hanover) Oct. 10, 1680; d. at Frankfort-on-the-Main July 17, 1756. While at the University of Giessen he was greatly influenced by the hours of devotion. After being preacher at the home of the poor and orphans at Frankfort, he became deacon of the German church at Geneva, 1709-11; pastor at Sachsenhausen 1715, and at Frankfort, 1723; and member of the consistory 1742. Starck represented a mild, practical Pietism after the model of Spener, and his career of thirty years at Frankfort was marked by private meetings for devotion after the Sunday afternoon services, interest in maintaining the sacred observance of the Sabbath, the seeking of souls, and personal charity. He exerted a farreaching influence by his numerous devotional writings. His principal work, which made his a household name in all Evangelical Germany, is Tagliches Handbuch in guten und bosen Tagen (4 parts, Frankfort, 1727; 6 parts, 1731; latest ed., 1907; Eng. transl., Daily Handbook, Philadelphia, no date). The work is composed of long prayers, introduced by a brief instruction based on a passage of Scripture to induce a devout attitude on the subject of the petition. The prayer is followed by a hymn written by Starck. Some of his sermons were published as Sonn- und Festtags-Andachten uber die Evangelien (Reutlingen, 1854); the same uber die Episteln (Stuttgart, 1845; Nuremberg, 1881). He was the author also of Guldnes Schatzkdstlein (Frankfort, 1857). (Hermann Beck.)
Bibliography: The current editions of the Handbuch contain a sketch. The fundamental source is the account furnished by himself in E. F. Neubauer's Nachrichten ran den jetztlebenden Theologen, ii. 884-898, Ziillichau, 1764. Consult further: J. M. H. Doring, Die gelehrten Theologen Deutschlands, iv. 307-311, Neustadt, 1835; E. E. Koch, Geschichte des Kirchenlieds und Kirchengesanges, iv. 543- 549, Stuttgart, 1876; C. Grosse, Die alien Troster, pp. 335-370, Hermannsburg, 1900.
STARKE, shtar'ke, CHRISTOPH: German exegete; b. at Freienwalde (33 m. n.e. of Berlin) Mar. 21, 1684; d. at Driesen (64 m. n.e. of Frankfort) Dec. 12, 1744. He studied at Halle, coming under the influence of Spener and Breithaupt (qq.v.); became pastor and teacher at Nennhausen near Rathenow, 1709; first preacher and military chaplain at Driesen, in 1737, where the rest of his life was passed. He wrote in German a well-known theological-homiletical commentary upon the Bible under the Latin title Synopsis Bibliothecm exegeticce in V et A- Testamentatum (9 vols., Leipsic, 1733-41). The parts on the Psalms, the writings attributed to Solomon, and the major prophets were contributed by his son, Johann Georg. See Bibles, Annotated, I-, § 5.