STUCKENBERG, JOHN HENRY WILBURN:
Lutheran; b. at Bramsche (60 m. s.w. of Bremen), Germany, Jan. 6, 1835; d. at London May 28, 1903. He was educated at Wittenberg College, Springfield, O. (A.B., 1857), and at the universities of Halle (1859-61), Gottingen, Tubingen, and Berlin (1865- 1867). He held Lutheran pastorates at Davenport, O. (1858-59), Erie, Pa. (1861-65), Indianapolis, Ind. (1867-68), and Pittsburg, Pa. (1868-74), being also chaplain of the 145th Pennsylvania Volunteers in 1862-63; he was professor of theology in Wittenberg Theological Seminary (1874-80), and from 1880 until his retirement from active life in 1894 was pastor of the American Church in Berlin. In theology he was a liberal evangelical, and wrote Ninety-Five Theses for the Seventh Semi-Centennial of the Reformation (Baltimore, 1868) ; History of the Augsburg Confession from its Origin till the Adoption of the Formula of Concord (Philadelphia, 1869) ; Christian
Student Volunteer Movement Stumbling-Block
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Sociology (Xew York, 1S80); Life of Immanuel Kant (London, 1SS2); Final Science (New York, 1SS5) ; Introduction to the Study of Philosophy (1888) ; The Age and the Church (Hartford, Conn., 1893); Tendencies in German Thought (1896); Introduction to the Study of Sociology (Xew York, 1897); The Social Problem (York, Pa., 1897); and Sociology: or, The Science of Human Society (2 vols., New York, 1903). He also translated C. R. Hagenbach's German Rationalism in its Rise, Progress, and Decline (in collaboration with W L. Gage; Edinburgh, 1S05).
STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOR FOR- EIGN MISSIONS: A movement originated at the first international conference of Christian college students, held at Mount Hermon, Mass., in 1886, at the invitation of the late D. L. Moody. Origin, Or- Of the 250 delegates who attended, ganization, twenty-one had definitely decided to Purpose, become foreign missionaries when the conference opened. Of this number Robert P. Wilder of Princeton, Tewksbury of Harvard, and Clark of Oberlin had come with the conviction that God would call from that large gathering of college men a number who would consecrate themselves to foreign missions. Before the conference closed 100 of the delegates had recorded their " purpose, if God permit, to become foreign missionaries." At the conference it was decided that a deputation should be sent among the colleges, and four students were selected for this purpose. Of the four selected, Wilder alone was able to go, and John X. Forman, also of Princeton, was induced to join him. The expenses of the deputation were borne by Mr. D. W McWilliams, of Brooklyn. Messrs. Wilder and Forman visited 176 institutions, including a majority of the leading colleges and divinity schools of Canada and the United States. In the summer of 1SSS about fifty volunteers attended the student conference at Northfield. It was there decided that some organization was necessary, and a committee was appointed by the volunteers present to effect such an organization. This committee met in Dec, 1888, and an organization was effected, taking the name of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions which is incorporated under the laws of the state of Xew York. There is an executive committee, a board of trustees, and an advisory committee. This movement is in no sense a missionary board. It never has sent out a missionary, and never will. It is simply a recruiting agency. Those who become student volunteers are expected to go out as missionaries under the regular missionary organizations of the Church. It does not usurp or encroach upon the functions of any other missionary organization. It is unswervingly loyal to the Church, and has received the endorsement of every leading missionary board on the continent. It is primarily a movement of students, and it is not in any sense an organization forced upon the students. The purposes are as follows: (1) To awaken and maintain among all Christian students of the United States and Canada intelligent and active interest in foreign missions; (2) to enroll a sufficient number
of properly qualified student volunteers to meet the successive demands of the various missionary boards of North America; (3) to help all such intending missionaries to prepare for their life-work and to enlist their cooperation in developing the missionary life of home churches; (4) to lay an equal burden of responsibility on all students who are to remain as ministers and lay workers at home that they may actively promote the missionary enterprise by intelligent advocacy, gifts, and prayer.
Student volunteers are drawn from those who are or have been students in institutions of higher learning in the United States and Canada. Each student volunteer signs the " declara- Methods of tion," which is as follows: " It is my Work. purpose, if God permit, to become a foreign missionary." The work for which the movement, as an agency of the Church is held responsible is the promotion of the missionary life and activity in the institutions of higher learning in the United States and Canada, in which more than 250,000 students are matriculated. From these should come the future missionaries and missionary leaders of the Church. Therefore no work can be more important than that of making each student center a stronghold of missionary intelligence, enthusiasm, and activity. To accomplish this a staff of secretaries is employed, offices are maintained in New York City, and conferences and conventions are held. Besides administrative secretaries, there are traveling secretaries; and this position is usually held for one year by a student volunteer ready to go to the mission field. Returned missionaries also have been employed. The number of traveling secretaries is determined by the funds at the disposal of the executive committee. The traveling secretaries visit the colleges, deliver addresses on missions, meet with missionary committees and volunteer bands, organize mission-study classes, and in every way possible promote the missionary activities of the colleges — but the chief object of their work is by public address and personal interview to lead students to give their lives to missionary service. The student volunteers in an institution are organized into a volunteer band, which has as its objects to deepen the missionary purpose and spiritual lives of the members, to secure other volunteers, and to promote missions in the college and in the college community. Once in four years an international convention is held. Six such conventions have been held; at that of 1910 there were present 2,954 students and professors representing 735 institutions.
The Volunteer Movement has reached by its propaganda nearly if not quite 1,000 institutions of higher learning in North America. In a large majority of these the work was the first
Results, real missionary cultivation which they ever received. It is the testimony of professors and other observers that even in the institutions which had already been influenced in different ways by the missionary idea, the Volunteer Movement has very greatly developed missionary interest and activity. Because the Student Volunteer Movement is a movement for foreign missions, the principal proof of its efficiency is to be found