THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Sturm in 1575. But soon after, the occasion of the introduction of the Formula of Concord (q.v.) at Strasburg reopened the conflict. Coarser in method was the assault of Johannes Pappus (q.v.), who was supported by L. Osiander and Jakob Andrea (qq.v.) of 'Wurttemberg. Many virulent pamphlets were exchanged. The result was the removal of Sturm from the rectorship. He spent his last years at his rural house at Xortheim. He had a sanguine, sympathetic nature, easily attracted or violently repelled, and was lacking in self-control. To this may be added his arrogance and increasing passion of temper as motives of his controversial spirit, provoked when his broad, international, humanistic attitude refused to be pressed into narrow confessional molds. His eminent capability as an organizer and teacher made the Strasburg high school world-renowed and one of the best attended of the time, and history has assigned him the fame of " the greatest of the great school rectors of the sixteenth century." (Johannes Fickee.)
Bibliography: The book of most value is C. Schmidt, La Vie et les travaux de Jean Sturm, Strasburg, 1855 (contains list of the works of Sturm and also names the earlier literature). As sources to be consulted are: J. Camerarius. Epistolarum libri V posteriores, pp. 496-505, Frankfort, 1595; Zanchii epistolarum libri duo, passim, Hanover, 1609; Aschami familiarium epistolarum libri III, pp. 529 sqq., ib. 1610; Fecht, Hist. eccl. scec. XVI., supplcmentum, pp. 836, S77, 886-896, Frankfort, 1684; A. Schumacher, Gelehrter Manner Briefe an die Konige in Danemark, ii. 311 sqq., Copenhagen, 1758; Zurich Letters (155S-1602), Parker Society, Cambridge, 1845; the Opera of Calvin and Melanchthon in the CR; and A. L. Herminjard, Correspondance des reformateurs, 9 vols., Geneva, 1864-97. For discussions of Sturm's life and activities consult: L. Kiickelhahn, Johann Sturm, Strassburgs erster Schulrektor, Leipsic, 1872; E. Laas, Die Padagogik des Johann Sturms, Berlin, 1872; E. and E. Haag, La France protestante, ix. 318 sqq., Paris, 1859; F. von Bezold, Briefe des Pfahgrafen Johann Casimir, 3 vols., Munich, 1SS2-1903; R. Zoepffel, Johann Sturm, Her erste Rektor der Strassburger Akademie, Strasburg, 1887; H. Veil, in Festschrift des protestantischen Gymnasiums zu Strassburg, ib. 1888; G. Schmid, in K. A. Schmid, Geschichte der Erziehung, ii. 2, pp. 30 sqq., Stuttgart, 1889;
F. Paulsen, Geschichte des gelehrtcn Unterrichts, passim, 2d ed., Leipsic, 1S96-97; Bourilly, in Bulletin de la societe de I'hist. du protcstantisme francais, 1900, pp. 237 sqq., 477 sqq.; idem and Weiss, in the same, 1904, pp. 97 sqq.;
G. Mertz, Das Schulwescn der deutschen Reformation, passim, Heidelberg, 1902; T. Ziegler, Geschichte der Padagogik, pp. 73-91, 2d ed., Munich, 1904; ADB, xxxvii. 21- 38; much of the literature under Sturm, Jacob, especially the works there named of C. Engel, M. Fournier and C. Engel, H. Baumgarten, and T. W. Rohrich, and the Politische Korrespondenz der Stadt Strassburg.
STURM, JULIUS KARL REINHOLD: German poet and hymnist; b. at Kostritz (30 m. s.s.w. of Leipsic) July 21, 1816; d. at Leipsic May 2, 1896. He received his preparatory training at the gymnasium at Gera, 1829-37, and studied theology at Jena, 1837-41. He served as tutor at Heilbronn, lS41^i4; then was tutor of Prince Henry XIV. of Reuss-Schleiz-Gera, 1844-47; and attended the prince in the gymnasia of Schleiz and Meiningen, 1847-50. His first volume of secular and religious poetry appeared with the title Gedichte (Leipsic, 1850). He served as pastor at Goschitz, 1850-57, and at Kostritz, 1857-78; was church councilor there, 1878-85; and privy councilor after 1885. Among a long series of poetic publications may be named. Fromme Lieder (1852); Zwei Rosen oder
das Hohelied der Liebe (1854); Neue fromme Lieder und Gedichte (1858); Fur das Haus (1862); Israelitische Lieder (2d ed., Halle, 1867) ; Aufwarts (1881), and Dem Herrn mein Lied (Bremen, 1884), both collections of religious poems; and his last poems, in Freud und Leid (Leipsic, 1896).
(A. Freybe.)
Bibliography: E. Heyden, Galerie beruhmter und merkwlirdiger Reussenlander, Frankfort, 1858; O. Kraus Geistliche Lieder im 19. Jahrhundert, pp. 543 sqq., 2d ed. Giitersloh, 1879; Zuppki, in Unser Vogtland, ii. 1 (1895)[ 2-10; R. Konig, in Daheim, xxxii. 37 (1896), 592 sqq.; F. Hoffmann, in R. Virchow and F. von Holtzendorff's Gemeinverstandliche wissenschaftliche Vortriige, part 306, Hamburg, 1898; K. L. Leimbach, Ausgewahlte deutsch'e Dichtungen, iv. 2, pp. 345 sqq., 13 vols., Frankfort, 1S99- Julian, Hymnology, p. 1100.
STUTTGART, stut'gort or stut'gort, SYNOD AND CONFESSION OF: The convention in 1559 which gave solemn sanction to the Lutheran doctrine of the Lord's Supper. The immediate occasion of the synod was an accusation brought against Bartholomaus Hagen, pastor at Dettingen, and preacher to the Duchess Sabina of Wurttemberg, mother of Duke Christopher, of being an adherent of the Swiss doctrine. At the command of the duke, Hagen was cited to appear in Apr., 1559, at Stuttgart and was given a month's time to offer a categorical explanation on the article of the presence of Christ. After this had been referred to all the superintendents and their judgments received, an extraordinary synod was summoned at Stuttgart, which consisted of four general superintendents, the clerical and lay members of the consistory, the rector, and the theological faculty of the University of Tubingen, and all the special superintendents of the country. The synod met on Dec. 13, 1559. Jakob Andrea (q.v.) was appointed to conduct the disputation with Hagen before the assembled synod, presenting, after a conference with Johann Brenz (q.v.), the same arguments on the ubiquity that appeared later in the " Confession " of the synod. Hagen was finally obliged to confess his defeat and to acknowledge the doctrine of the Wiirttemberg Church as true and Scriptural. On Dec. 19 Brenz presented a formula which was signed by all the theologians, and published in German and Latin under the title, Confessio et doctrina theologorum et ministrorum verbi Dei in ducatu Wirtembergensi de vera prwsentia corporis et sa?iguinis Jesu Christi in cmna dominica (Tubingen, 1560-61). The main points are here summarized: (1) In the Lord's Supper, by virtue of the Word, or institution of Christ, the true body and blood of Christ are truly and essentially given and transferred with the bread and wine to all who partake; so that both the body and the blood, as given by the hand of the minister, are received by the mouth of those who thus eat and drink. (2) The nature and substance of the bread and the wine are not transformed, but are ordained and sanctified by the W ord of the Lord to serve in the distribution of the body and blood of Christ. Yet they are not merely symbols, but just as the substance of the bread and wine is present so also the substance of the body and the blood is present, and by means of those signs is truly given and received. (3) This does