THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
island on which he founded the cloister of Kaiserswerth, where he passed the remainder of his life.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Early material is collected in ASB, Apr., iii. M12-S05, March, i. 67-S6; ASM, iii. 1, pp. 239-245; and MPL, cxxxii. 547-550, 557-559. Consult further: Bede, Hist, eccl., v. 11; P. Heber, Die vorkarolingischen chrisUichen Glaubensbolcn am Rhein, Frankfort, 1858; K. W. Bouterwek, Swidbert, der Apostel des bergischen Landes, Elberfeld, 1859; P. P. M. Alberdingk-Thijm, Der heilige WiUibrord, pp. 108 sqq., Munster, 1863; W. Diekamp, Die Falschung der Vita S. Suidberti, in Historisches Jahrbuch der Gurres-Gesellschaft, ii (1881), 272-287; Analecta Bollandiana, vi (1887), 73-76; Rettberg, KD, ii. 396, 460, 524; Hauck, KD, i. 437, ii. 367; DNB, lv. 155; DCB, iv. 745; Ceillier, Auteurs sacris, xii. 218, 783.
SULDGER. See Clement II.
SULPICIANS : A congregation the foundations of which were laid by Jean Jacques Olier (q.v.) in 1642. The society arose through the promise of great usefulness afforded by the seminary founded by Olier first at Vaugirard and later moved to the church of St . Sulpice at Paris. This society received the protection of Anna, queen-regent of Austria, and being devoted principally to the cause of education was soon engaged in that work in other seminaries established in various cities of France, in Canada, and in 1790 in the United States. The Sulpicians are bound by no vows, but have been noted for their fidelity to the church which they serve and for the model of " regularity " which they have furnished. In the United States St. Mary's Seminary and St. Charles' College in Baltimore are under their care, as was the seminary of Brighton, diocese of Boston, till 1911, and they have the spiritual direction of the students of theology in the Catholic University at Washington. The events of the years 1903-06 in France (see France, I., § 5) bore with especial hardship upon this congregation, bringing its activities to an end, and leaving North America the most important field of work.
Bibliography: Besides the literature under Olier, Jean Jacques, consult: G. M. de Fruges, J. /. Olier, Paris, 1904; Vie de Emery precedee d'un precis de I'hist. du
seminaire et de la compagnie de St. Sulpice, 2 vols., Paris, 1862; J. St. Vangan, in The Dublin Review, 1866, pp. 22 sqq.; J. H. Icard, Traditions de la compagnie de pretres de St. Sulpice, Paris, 1886; M. Siebengartner, Schriften und Einrichtungen zur Bildung der Geistlichen, pp. 428 sqq., 431 sqq., Freiburg, 1902; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, iii. 442-449.
SULZER, SIMON: Swiss theologian of Lutheran tendencies; b. in the Hash thai above Meiningen (24 m. s.s.w. of Lucerne) Sept. 23, 1508; d. at Basel June 22, 1585. He was educated at Bern under the humanist Rubellus of Rottweil and at Lucerne under Oswald Myconius (q.v.); in 1530 he was in Strasburg, where he heard lectures from Butzer and Capito, and in Basel in 1531, where Simon Grynaeus (see Gryx.eus, 1) taught him, where he also helped the printer Herwagen, taught at the Collegium, later the Padugogium; in 1533 Capito and Butzer had him called to Bern as a teacher with occasional preaching duties and the work of inspecting six district schools; in 1536 he went to Basel to continue his studies, and the same year visited Luther at Wittenberg. From this time his Lutheran tendencies became marked. In 1538 he was again called to Bern, and in 1541 succeeded Sebastian Meyer as
leader of the Lutheran movement; then he and his following strove in vain to abolish the oath that bound the prepchers to a recognition of Zwingli's doctrines and to introduce the Lutheran view of the Lord's Supper. In 1544 he succeeded Kunz as preacher, but in 1548 was deposed from his position after a quarrel which, it is supposed, he provoked in order to pose as a martyr in the Lutheran cause. He was made pastor at St. Peter's, Basel, 1549; professor of Hebrew, 1552; successor to Oswald Myconius at the minster, and antistes of the Basel church, 1553. He was happy and active in his double position, defended the persecuted Lutherans, and advocated union between Germans and Swiss. He could not conceal his anti-Zwinglian views, which ultimately became plain to everybody.
Sulzer's efforts to introduce Lutheran ideas in Basel had no lasting effect. He never dared to put aside the first Basel Confession of 1534, although he relegated it to the background. After his death, the Basel church was brought back to Zwinglianism and united to the Swiss churches. His efforts were more successful in Baden. He became acquainted with Margrave Karl II., who in 1555 began the Reformation of the lower part of his margravate. Sulzer recommended and ordained over twenty pastors, and was named superintendent of Roteln, Schopfheim, Mullheim, and Hochberg. His activity was remarkable, but his undeniable services to the schools of Bern and the churches of Basel and Baden are somewhat shadowed by his weak character and his injudiciously partizan opposition to the traditional Swiss church. (W Hadorn.)
Bibliography: Hundeshagen, in F. Trechsel's Beitrage zur Geschichte der schweizerisch-reformirten Kirche, pp. 105 sqq., Bern, 1844; G. Linder, Simon Sulzer und sein Anteil an der Reformation im Lande Baden, Heidelberg, 1890; A. Fluri, Berner Schulordnung von 1548, Berlin, 1901.
SUMER. See Babylonia, V.