THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ache Studien (of Utrecht), i (1883), 313-323, and ii (1884), 447-451, by H. G. Kleyn, ii (1884), 145-162, by Van Toorenenbergen; K. Benrath, in JPT, vii. 127 sqq.; Dusterdieck, in GGA, 1878, and Kattenbusch, in the same, 1883; P. Hofstede de Groot, in De Tijdspiegel, 1882-83; and M. A. Gooszen, in Geloof en Vrijheid, 1882.
SUMMENHART, KONRAD: Scholastic theologian; b. at Calw (20 m. w.n.w. of Stuttgart), Wurttemberg, or more probably in the village of Sommenhardt (close by Calw), between 1450 and 1460; d. at the monastery of Schuttern near Off enburg (17 m. s.s.w. of Carlsruhe), Baden, Oct. 20, 1502. He was a representative of the scholastic reaction against William of Occam's formalism, which constituted the realistic transition to humanism, and has been lauded as a precursor of the Reformation. Summenhart studied first at Paris, and in 1478 went to Tubingen, where, from 1489, he lectured on canon law, sociology, and natural philosoph}r. The writings left by Summenhart, mainly his Tubingen lectures, fall into three groups. The Tractatus bipartitus de decimis (Hagenau, 1497) and Septipertitum opus de contractibus pro foro conscientice (1500) belong to the borderland of theology, sociology, and canon law. The second group consists of Commentaria in summam physice Alberti Mag/vi (Freiburg, 1503), essaying a pious explanation of nature. The third group is composed of occasional addresses: Oratio funebris pro Eberhardo (Tubingen, 1498); Quod deus homo fieri voluerit; and Tractatulus exhortatorius super decern defectibus virorum monasticorum (1498), against monastic abuses. (H. Hermelink.)
Bibliography: J. J. Moser, Vitce professorum Tvbingensium, pp. 36—41, Tubingen, 1718; F. X. Linsenmann, Konrad Summenhart, ib. 1877; K. Steiff, Der erste Buchdruck in Tubingen, pp. 50-53, 228-233, ib. 1881; H. Hermelink, Die theologische Fakultat in Tubingen vor der Reformation, pp. 156-162, 194-195, ib. 1906; W urttembergische Vierteljahrshefte fur Landesgeschichte, 1906, pp. 331 sqq.
SUMMERBELL, MARTYN: Free Baptist; b. at Naples, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1847 He was educated at the College of the City of New York (A.B., 1871), pursued a postgraduate course in New York University (1886-89; Ph.D., 1889), and was non-resident professor of pastoral theology in the Christian Biblical Institute, Stanfordville, N. Y. (1874-1901). He has held successive pastorates at the Christian Church of the Evangel, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1866-80), the First Christian Church, Fall River, Mass. (1880- 1886), St. Paul's Evangelical Church, New York City (1886-88), and the College Church, Bates College, Lewiston, Me. (1888-98). He was instructor in church history at Cobb Divinity School, Lewiston, Me. (1895-98), and was elected president of the Palmer Institute, Starkey Seminary, Lakemont, N. Y., in 1898, which position he still occupies. In theology he holds to " fellowship for active Christians of every name on the basis of vital Christian piety." He has written Special Services for Christian Ministers (Fall River, Mass., 1885) and is joint author of The People's Bible History (Chicago, 1895).
SUMMERFIELD, JOHN: Methodist Episcopal; b. in Preston (28 m. n.w. of Manchester), England, Jan. 31, 1798; d. in New York June 13, 1825. He was educated at the Moravian Academy at Fairfield, near Manchester; was sent into business at Liverpool; removed to Dublin, 1813; was converted in
1817, and next year became a local Wesleyan minister. In 1819 he was received on trial in the Methodist Conference of Ireland, and in Mar., 1821 having emigrated to America, in the New York conference. He leaped into astonishing popularity by reason of his eloquence, and in 1822 he preached in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, everywhere heard by great crowds. Because of ill-health he was in France and England, 1822-24, returning to New York Apr. 19, 1824, but he was not able again to do full work. He was a founder of the American Tract Society. His Sermons and Sketches of Sermons was published (New York, 1842). Bibliography: Lives were written by J. Holland, New York, 1829, and W. M. Willitt, Philadelphia, 1857. Consult further: N. Bangs, Hist, of the M. E. Church, iii. 324-329, New York, 1860; W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, vii. 639-654, ib. 1861; and literature (under Methodists) on the early history of Methodism in America.
SUMMERS, THOMAS OSMOND: Methodist Episcopal South; b. near Confe Castle (18 m. e.s.e. of Dorchester), England, Oct. 11, 1812; d. at Nashville, Tenn., May 5, 1882. His early religious training was Calvinistic. He came to America, 1830, and united with the Methodist Church; joined the Baltimore Conference, 1835; was ordained deacon, 1837, and elder, 1839; was an organizer of the first Texas conference, 1840, and a missionary to Texas, 1840-43; member of the Alabama conference, 1843-76; and secretary of the Louisville Convention in 1845, at which the Methodist Episcopal Church South was organized. In 1846 he was appointed by the general conference to assist Bishop Wightman as editor of The Southern Christian Advocate, published at Charleston, S. O; while there, he edited for four years the Sunday-School Visitor. He was the general book editor for the organization of the church, editing some 300 volumes; he removed to Nashville in 1855, where he took charge of The Quarterly Review; performed pastoral work in Alabama, 1862-66; in 1866 was elected editor of the Nashville Christian Advocate; was professor of systematic theology in Vanderbilt University, Nashville; also dean of the theological faculty and exofEcio pastor, 1874-82. He was secretary of every general conference of his church, devoted much time to hymnology, and was chairman of the committee that compiled the hymn-book, which he edited. Possessed of encyclopedic knowledge, and always abreast of the times, he was thoroughly Wesleyan and Arminian in his creed, but in hearty sympathy with all Evangelical denominations of Christians. He edited Songs of Zion: Supplement to the Hymnbook of the Methodist Episcopal Church South (Nashville, 1851); Biographical Sketches of Itinerant Ministers, Pioneers within Bounds of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (1858); and wrote Baptism: its Nature, Perpetuity, Subject With Strictures
on Howell's " Evils of Infant Baptism " (1852) ; commentaries on the Gospels (1868-72), the ritual (1873), and the Acts (1874). Bibliography: O. P. Fitzgerald, Dr. Summers, a Life Study,
Nashville, 1884.
SUMNER, JOHN BIRD: Archbishop of Canterbury; b. at Kenilworth (44 m. n.n.w. of Oxford), England, Feb. 25, 1780; d. in Addington (12 m. s.