RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Teellinck Teller
secondly, if such evidence is forthcoming, this is referred to intelligence. C. A. Beckwith.
Bibliography: J. McCosh and G. Dickie, Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation, Edinburgh, 1855; J. Frohschammer, Ueber die Aufgabe der Naturphilosophie, Munich, 1861; P. Wetzel, Der Zweckbegriff bei Spinoza, Leipsic, 1873; A. Stadler, Kants Teleologie, ib. 1874; P. Janet, Les Causes finales, Paris, 1876, Eng. transl., Final Causes, 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1883; R. Schellwien, Das Gesetz der Kausalitat in der Natur, Berlin, 1876; E. F. W. Pfliiger, Die T eleologische Mechanik der lebendigen Natur, Bonn, 1877; F. V. Baerenbach, Gedanken uber die Teleologie in der Natur, Leipsic, 1878; G. J. Romanes, Candid Examination of Theism, London, 1878; A. Muhry, Kritik und kurze Darlegung der exacten Naturphilosophie, 5th ed., Gottingen, 1882; W. B. Carpenter, in Modern Review, 1884; P. F. Fitzgerald, A Treatise on the Principle of Sufficient Reason, London, 1887; E. Domet de Vorges, Cause efficiente et cause finale, Paris, 1889; R. Flint, Theism, 7th ed., London, 1889; B. Liebermann, Der Zweckbegriff bei Trendelenburg, Meiningen, 1889; F. Erhardt, Mechanismus und Teleologie: eine Abhandlung uber die Principien der Naturforschung, Leipsic, 1890; W. M. W. Call, Final Causes: a Refutation, London, 1891; A. Kohlschmidt, Kant's Stellung zur Teleologie und Physikotheologie, Jena, 1894; J. Stier, Theismus und Naturforschung in ihrem Verhaltnis zur Teleologie, Frankfort, 1896; E. Haughton, The Evidence of Design in the Constitution of Nature, London, 1897; C. Brockdorff, Kants Teleologie, Kiel, 1898; N. Kaufmann, Philosophic naturelle d'Aristote: etude de cause finale, Paris, 1898; P. N. Cossmann, Elemente der empirischen Teleologie, Stuttgart, 1899; E. Ebrillard, Etudes philosophiques sur les causes premieres et les causes finales, Paris, 1900; E. Ferriere, La Cause premiere d'apres les donnees experimentales , ib. 1900; J. M. Baldwin, Development and Evolution, New York, 1902; S. Prudhomme and C. Richet, he Probleme des causes finales, Paris, 1902; J. B. Pettigrew, Design in Nature, New York, 1908; A. R. Wallace, The World of Life, ib., 1911.
TELESPHORUS, tel"es'fer-us: Pope 127-137 Irenseus {Hmr., III., iii. 3, ANF, i. 416), followed by Eusebius (Hist, eccl., IV., x., NPNF, 2 ser., i. 182), states that he was a martyr; but Eusebius contradicts himself as to the year of Telesphorus' death, saying in his Hist. eccl. (ut sup.) that it was in the first year of Antoninus Pius (138), and in his " Chronicle " putting it in the eighteenth year of Hadrian (135). The tradition that this pontiff established the forty days of Lenten fasting and the celebration of the midnight Christmas mass is erroneous. See Litubgics, III, § 2. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 12; Jane, Regesta, p. 6; R. A. Lipsius, Chronologie der rbmischen Bischcife, pp. 170, 184, 190, Kiel, 1869; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, i. 103 sqq., Bonn, 1881; Harnack, Litteratur, ii. 1, p. 144; Bower, Popes, i. 11; Platina, Popes, i. 24-25.
TELFORD, JOHN : English Wesleyan; b. at Wigton (11 m. s.w. of Carlisle), Cumberland, Oct. 5, 1851. He was educated at Didsbury College, Manchester, and at London University, and, after holding various pastorates and being, in 1904, one of the secretaries of the committee which prepared the Methodist Hymn Book, he became, in 1905, editor for the Wesleyan Methodist Connection. He is also editor of the Wesleyan Methodist Magazine and of the London Quarterly Review. Among his numerous publications mention may be made of his Life of Charles Wesley (London, 1886), Life of John Wesley (1886), Two West-End Chapels: or, Sketches of London Methodism from Wesley's Day (1886), The Story of Moses and Joshua: Its Lessons for To- Day (1893), Makers of our Missions (1895), Women in the Mission Field (1895), History of Lay Preach- XI.— 19
ing in the Christian Church (1897), Story of the Upper Room (1905), A Sect that moved the World: Three Generations of Clapham Saints and Philanthropists (1907), Man's Partnership with Divine Providence (1908), and The Life of James Harrison Rigg (1909).
TELLER, ROM ANUS: German Lutheran; b. at Leipsic Feb. 21, 1703; d. there Apr. 5, 1750. He was educated at the university of his native city (1719-23), and in 1723 was appointed catechist at the Peterskirche in Leipsic. In 1730 he was called to Merseburg, but in the following year returned to the Peterskirche as preacher and first catechist, in 1737 becoming subdeacon at St. Thomas's. He was made deacon there in 1739, and, after again officiating at the Peterskirche after 1740, was chosen pastor of the Thomaskirche in 1745. Meanwhile he was also active in academic circles. He had been appointed associate professor of theology in 1738, and had advanced to a full professorship in 1740; while in 1745 he was made a canon, and in 1748 assessor of the consistory. He is best known for his " English Bible," bearing the title Die heilige Schrift nebst einer vollstandigen Erklarung derselben, welche aus den auserlesensten Anmerkungen verschiedener englandischer Schriftsteller zusammengetragen und zuerst in franzosischer Sprache an das Licht gestellt (19 vols., Leipsic, 1749-70), a work of distinctly Reformed tendency, but of which Teller himself was able to edit only two volumes.
(P. Wolff.) Bibliography: A " programm " of the University of Leipsic, Memoria Telleri, is given by J. E. Kapp in Aclis historico-ecclesiasticis, ii. 377, Weimar, 1747. A number of references to biographical lexicons and similar works ia given in Hauck-Herzog, RE, xix. 475.
TELLER, WILHELM ABRAHAM: German Lutheran and rationalist; b. at Leipsic Jan. 9, 1734; d. at Berlin Dec. 8, 1804. He was educated at the university of his native city (1749-53), and was Sunday evening preacher at the university church- (1753-55), catechist at the Peterskirche (1755-60), and Sunday evening preacher at the Nicholaikirche (1760-61). He had published several studies in textual criticism and had already manifested a rationalistic tendency when, in 1761, he was called to Helmstedt as professor of theology, pastor, and general superintendent. He now drew a distinction merely of degree between the Biblical writers and profane poets, denied verbal inspiration, and posited a twofold inspiration of matter and words, dividing the former into dogmatic, prophetic, and historical. His reputation as a leader of the Enlightenment was won by his Lehrbuch des christlichen Glaubens (Helmstedt, 1764), in which he prepared the way for rationalistic dogmatics. He laid great stress on method and maintained that divine revelation was intelligible to man, so that forced theological interpretations were to be rejected. He accordingly contrasted the " simple " Gospel with the teachings of the Church, and, manifesting marked Socinian influence, he referred the doctrine of God and divine perfection to natural religion, treated justification somewhat synergistically, refused to discuss the twofold nature of Christ, and ignored the doctrines of the Trinity and original sin. The book evoked a storm of disap-
Teller Templars