THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
pope abrogated the order by right of his absolute power and as a prudential measure for the general good, assigning its possession to the Knights of St.
John, the official orders to this effect
Final being the bulls of Mar. 22, and May 2,
Dissolution. 1312. In France and in England the
property of the order enriched the king and government. Dionysius of Portugal, a friend of the Templars, founded the Order of Christ, to which the possessions of the Templars were made over while the Portuguese Templars joined the new order. The grand master, with other high officers, was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment; but he declared that the charges were false, and so he and Godfrey de Charney, the French inspector, were burned at the stake Mar. 11, 1314, still affirming the order's innocence.
The motive for the annihilation of the order was twofold; the French king's avarice, and his desire to crush the powerful organization of the Templars within the kingdom. He took advantage of Clement's weakness and of episcopal jealousy of the order. The general guilt and sacrilege charged to the Templars as a whole are incredible, and their downfall is the result of shameless violence on the part of the despotic Philip V. G. Ghutzmacher.
Bibliography: Original documents are given in Reich, Documents, pp. 196-197, 311-313; and Thatcher and McNeal, Documents, pp. 492—496. For other basic material consult: D. Wilkins, Concilia Magnce Britannia et Hibernice, ii. 313 sqq., London, 1727; F. J. M. Raynouard, Monumens historiques relatifs a la condamnation des chevaliers du Temple, Paris, 1813; C. Maillard de Chambure, Regies et statuts secret des Templiers, ib. 1840; Documents Illustrative of English Hist, in the ISth and Hth Centuries, ed. H. Cole, pp. 139-230, London, 1844; W. Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, new ed., by J. Caley, H. Ellis, and B. Bandinel, vi. 813-854, 6 vols., ib. 1846; J. Delaville le Roulx, Documents concernant les Templiers, Paris, 1882; R. V. Taylor, in Journal of the Yorkshire Archeological and Topographical Association, vii. 429-452, viii. 259-299, ix. 71-98, London, 1882-86; H. de Curcon, Regie du Temple, Paris, 1886; A. Knopfler, in Historisches Jahrbuch der Gorresgesellschaft, 1887, pp. 666 sqq. (best edition of the earliest " rule "); J. Gmelin, Die Regel des Tempelordens, in Mittheilungen des Instituts fur bsterreichische Geschichtsforschung, xiv (1893), 193- 236.
Consult further: D. G. Moldenhauer, Prozess gegen den Orden der Tempelherren, Hamburg, 1792; J. Michelet, Prods des Templiers, 2 vols., Paris, 1841-51; W. Havemann, Geschichte des Ausgangs des T emplerordens, Stuttgart, 1846; C. G. Addison, Hist, of the Knights Templars, 3d ed., London, 1852 (still the best in English) ; F. Wilke, Geschichte des Ordens der Tempelherren, 2 vols., 2d ed., Halle, 1860; E. Boutaric, La France sous Philippe le Bel, Paris, 1861; J. Kenrick, A Selection of Papers on Archeology and Hist., pp. 1-68, London, 1864; J. Loiscleur, La Doctrine secrete des Templiers, Orleans, 1872; F. C. Woodhouse, The Military Religious Orders of the Middle Ages, London, 1879; M. Bruguera, Historia de la Orden de los Caballeros de Temple, vol. 1, Barcelona, 1882; F. Jacquot, Defense des Templiers contre le routine des historiens, Paris, 1882; H. Hagenmeyer, Le Proces des Templiers, ib. 1885; B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectee, vi. 79-149, Regensburg, 1886; G. Lambert, Templars. A Short Paper on the Order, London, 1887; H. G. Prutz, Malleser Urkunden zur Geschichte der Tempelherren, Munich, 1883; idem, Geschichte des Tempelherrenordens, Konigsberg, 1887; idem, Entwicklung und Untergang des Tempelherrenordens, Berlin, 1888; idem, Die geistliche Ritterorden, ib. 1908; K. Schottmueller, Der Untergang des T emplerordens, 2
vols., Berlin, 1887; J. Y. A. Morshead, The Templars' Trials, London 1888; F. Naef, Recherches sur les opinions religieuses des 'fempliers, Ntmes, 1890; J. J. I. von Dollinger, Akademische Vortrage, iii. 245 sqq., Munich, 1891; J. A. Froude, The Spanish Story of the Armada, pp. 250- 310, new ed., London, 1892; J. Gmelin, Schuld oder TJnschuld des Tejiplerordens, Stuttgart, 1893; A. Grange, in Dublin Revieii), 1895, pp. 329-346; J. Miret y Sans, Cartaral dels Templers de les Comandes de Garden y Barbens, Barcelona, 1899; G. Salvemini, Studi storici. L'Abolizione dell'Ordine dei Templari, Firenze, 1901; L. Keller, Die Tempelherrn und die Freimaurer, Berlin, 1905; H. C. Lea, Hist, of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, i. 16, iii. passim (coj'isult Index), New York, 1906; H. Finke, Papsttum und Untergang des Tempelordens, 2 vols.. Minister, 1907 (contains new documents from Spain); C. Perkins, in American Historical Review, Jan., 1910; Bower, Popes, iii. 66 sqq.; and literature under Clement V.; and Philip IV.
TEMPLE, FREDERICK: Archbishop of Canterbury; b. at Leukas, in Santa Maura (one of the Ionian Islands), Nov. 30, 1821; d. in London Dec. 23, 1902. He studied at Blundell's School, Tiverton, and at Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1842; M.A., 1846; B.D., 1858). He was made fellow of his college and tutor in mathematics 1842, ordained deacon 1846, and priest 1847. He became principal of Kneller Hall Training College, near Twickenham, in 1848, government inspector of schools in 1855, headmaster of Rugby in 1858, and about the same time chaplain to Queen Victoria. Under his administration Rugby regained much of the prestige which the school had enjoyed under Thomas Arnold. In 1860 he acquired a reputation for rationalism by contributing an essay on TheEducation of the World to the famous Essays and Reviews (q.v.). The suspicion of heterodoxy clung to him, and when Gladstone, whose Irish disestablishment measure he had supported, offered him the bishopric of Exeter, in 1869, a strong protest was made against the appointment. He was consecrated Dec. 21, 1869, was translated to. the see of London in 1885, and was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1896. By the firmness and justice of his rule as bishop and archbishop he completely overcame the early prejudices against him. One of his last official acts was the crowning of Edward VII. Aug. 9, 1902. Besides the essay already referred to, single sermons, and addresses, he published Sermons Preached in Rugby School Chapel (3 series, London, 1861-71); The Relations between Religion and Science (1884), the Bampton lectures for 1884; Responsio archiepiscoporum Angliw ad litteras apostolicas Leonis Papce XIII. (1897; Eng., French, and Gk. transk, 1897), an able reply by Temple and W D. Maclagan, archbishop of York, to a papal encyclical denying the validity of Anglican orders; and Helps to Godly Living (ed. J. H. Burn, 1898), being extracts from various sermons.
Bibliography: Memoirs of Archbishop Temple, by seven Friends, ed. E. G. Sandford, 2 vols., London, 1906; W. F. Aitken, Frederick Temple, ib. 1901; C. H. Dant, Archbishop Temple, ib. 1903 (popular); F. J. Snell, Early Associations of Archbishop Temple, ib. 1904; F. E. Kitchener, Rugby Memoir of Archbishop Temple, 1869-69, ib. 1907; E. G. Sandford, The Exeter Episcopate of Archbishop Temple, ib. 1907; literature under Essays and Reviews.