RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Thomas Aquinas Thomas of Celano
Ibut on the other hand it had added to the number <of problems and expanded the learned apparatus enormously, thereby impairing the ;8. Estima- unity and clarity of the progress of tion. thought. It was Thomas who made a single connected and consistent whole ■of all this unwieldy mass of stuff. Next his decided Aristotelianism, not without an admixture of Neoplatonic elements, must be noted. He owed not only his philosophical thoughts and worldconception to Aristotle, but he also took from him the frame for his theological system; Aristotle's metaphysics and ethics furnished the trend of his system. Herein he gained the purely rational framework for his massive temple of thought, namely of God, the rational cause of the world, and man's striving after him. Then he filled this in with the dogmas of the Church or of revelation. And at all points he succeeded in upholding the church doctrine as credible and reasonable. This is the final characteristic of Thomas to be noted, his blameless orthodoxy. For opposition to Thomas and the reaction in the fifteenth century, see Scholasticism, III., 2, § 2. This position as the teacher <of the church has grown ever stronger from Leo X. to Leo XIII.; and even to-day the Roman Catholic Church preserves the inheritance of the ancient world-conception and the old church dogmas in the form which Thomas Aquinas gave them. For the relation of theology to philosophy and the sphere of the former and its sources, see Scholasticism. (R. Seeberg.) Bibliography: Editions of the Opera may be noted as follows: 17 vols., Rome, 1570-71; 17 vols., Venice, 1593- 1594; 19 vols., Antwerp, 1612; 23 vols., Paris, 1636-41; 20 vols., Venice, 1775-78; 25 vols., Parma, 1852-72; 34 vols., Paris, 1871-80; and the new ed. begun under the auspices of Leo XIII., Rome, 1882 sqq. For a compact statement of the principal editions of single works consult Baldwin, Dictionary, iii. 1, pp. 513-514. Eng. translations to be mentioned are: Doctrines of . Aquinas on the Rulers and Members of Christian States, London, 1860; Memoranda of Angelical Doctrine; from Lady Day to the Ascension, ib. 1867; Homilies of St. Thomas upon the Epistles and Gospels, ib. 1867, 1873; St. Thomas Aquinas on the Two Commandments of Charity and the Ten Commandments of the Law, ib. 1880; his commentary on the Lord's Prayer, ib. 1880 and 1893; The Maxims of St. Thomas Aquinas and the Prayers, ib. 1890; The Venerable Sacrament of the Altar, ib. 1871, 1890, 1893; Aquinas Bthicus; or, the moral Teaching of St. Thomas. A Transl. of the principal Portion of the second Part of the Summa Theologia with Notes by J. Rickaby, vols, i.-ii., ib. 1896; The Religious State, the Episcopate and the Priestly Office, ib. 1902; An Apology for the Religious Orders by St. Thomas Aquinas, ib. 1902; New Things and Old in St. Thomas Aquinas. A Translation of various Writings and Treatises of the Angelic Doctor, ib. 1909.
For the earliest accounts of the life of the saint (e.g., that by Bernard Guido), miracles, etc., consult the collection in ASB, March, i. 657-747, and cf. Histoire litteraire de la France, xix. 238-266. Biographies are by A. Pietro, Venice, 1543; P Frigerio, Rome, 1668; A. Touron, Paris, 1757; E. J. de Lecluze, Gregoire VII., iSaint Francois a" Assise et Saint Thomas d'Aquin, 2 vols., Paris, 1844; M. Carle, Paris, 1846; H. Hortel, Augsburg, 1846; E. D. Hampden, London, 1848; D. Mettenleiter, Regensburg, 1856; K. Werner, Regensburg, 1858; J. F. Bareille, Paris, 1859; R. B. Vaughan, 2 vols., Hereford, ' 1871-72; F. J. V. de Groot, Utrecht, 1882; Mme. E. Desjmousseaux de Givre, Paris, 1888; R. Majocchi, Modena, 1889; P. Cavanagh, London, 1890; M. Didiot, Louvain, 1894; J. Jansen, Kevelaer, 1898.
On his philosophy, theology, etc., consult: G. H. Bach, < De Vital des dmes apres la mort, d'apris S. Thomas et
Dante, ib. 1836; H. R. Feugeray, Essai sur les doctrines politiques de S. Thomas, Paris, 1857; C. Jourdain, La Philosophie de S. Thomas d'Aquin, 2 vols., ib. 1858; J. N. C. Oischinger, Die speculative Theologie des Th. v. Aquinas, Landshutt, 1858; H. E. Plassmann, Die Lehre des heiligen Thomas von Aquin uber die Bescheidenheit und Demuth, Paderborn, 1858; A. Rietter, Die Moral des heiligen Thomas von Aquinas, Munich, 1858; C. M. G. Brechillet-Jourdain, La Philosophie de S. Thomas d'Aquin, Paris, 1858; J. Walker, Essay on the Origin of Knowledge according to the Philosophy of St. Thomas, London, 1858;
E. Naville, Etude sur V ceuvre de St. Thomas d'Aquin, Paris, 1859; A. Schmid, Die thomistische und scotistische Gewissheitslehre, Dillingen, 1859; A. Goudin, Philosophie suivant les principes de S. Thomas, Paris, 1864; J. Delitzsch, Die Gotteslehre des Thomas von Aquino kritisch dargestellt, Leipsic, 1870; A. Reali, S. Thomas d'Aquin et V infaillibilite des pontifes romains, Paris, 1870; M. Glossner, Die Lehre des heiligen Thomas vom Wesen der gottlichen Gnade, Mainz, 1871; F. X. Leitner, Der heilige Thomas von Aquin uber das unfehlbare Lehramt des Papstes, Freiburg, 1872; A. Murgue, Questions d' ontologie: etudes sur S. Thomas, Lyons, 1876; E. Lecoultre, La Doctrine de Dieu d'apris Aristote et Thomas d'Aquin, Lausanne, 1877;
F. A. R. de la Bouillerie, L'Homme, sa nature, son dme etc., d'apris la doctrine de S. Thomas, Paris, 1880; A. L. C. Bourquard, Doctrine de la connaissance, d'apris la doctrine de Thomas, ib. 1880; A. Otten, Allgemeine Erkenntnisslehre des heiligen Thomas, Paderborn, 1882; J. Astromoff, Introductio ad intelligendam doctrinam Angelici Doctoris, Rome, 1884; A. Farges, Eludes philosophiques pour vulgariser les theories d' Aristote et de S. Thomas, 8 vols., Paris, 1887-1902; E. C. Lesserteur, S. Thomas et la predestination, Mayenne, 1888; G. Feldner, Die Lehre des heiligen Thomas uber den Einfluss Gottes auf die Handlungen der vernilnftigen Geschbpfe, Graz, 1889; B. Antoniades, Die Staatslehre des Thomas ah Aquino, Leipsic, 1890; G. Feldner, Die Lehre des heiligen Thomas v. Aquin uber die Willensfreiheit, Graz, 1890; V. Lipperheide, Thomas von Aquino und die platonische Ideenlehre, Munich, 1890; P. E. Neumayer, Theorie des Strebens nach Thomas von Aquin, 2 parts, Leipsic, 1890; W. H. Nolens, De leer van den h. Thomas von Aquin over het recht, Utrecht, 1890; F. J. Van de Groot, Summa apologetica de ecclesia catholica ad mentem S. Thomas Aquinatis, 2 vols., Regensburg, 1890; J. Gardier, Philosophie de S. Thomas, 4 vols., Paris, 1892- 1896; J. J. Berthier, De Vetude de la Somme theologique, Freiburg, 1893; A. Portmann, Das System der theologischen Summce des heiligen Thomas von Aquin, Lucerne, 1894; F. T. Esser, Die Lehre des heiligen Thomas von Aquino uber die Mbglichkeit einer anfanglosen Schopfung, Minister, 1895; H. Gayraud, S. Thomas et le predeterminisme, Paris, 1895; Guillemin, S. Thomas et le predeterminisme, ib. 1895; A. Cappellazzi, Persona nella dottrina di S. Tommaso d' Aquino, Siena, 1900; C. Alibert, La Psychologie thomiste et les theories modernes, Lyons, 1902; J. Gottler, Thomas von Aquin und die vortridentinischen Thomisten uber die Wirkungen des Busssakraments, Freiburg, 1904; F. Brommer, Die Lehre vom sakramentalen Charakter in der Scholastik bis Thomas v. Aquin inklusive nach gedruckten und ungedruckten Quellen dargestellt, Paderborn, 1908; A. Ott, Thomas von Aquin und das Mendikantentum, Freiburg, 1908; P. Rousselot, L'lntellectualisme de Saint-Thomas, Paris, 1908; W. Walker, Greatest Men of the Christian Church, Chicago, 1908; R. Eucken, Die Philosophie des Thomas von Aquine und die Kultur der Neuzeit, 2d ed., Bad Sachsa, 1910; A. D. Sertillanges, St. Thomas d'Aquin, 2 vols., Paris, 1910; P. Mandonnet, Des icrits authentiques de S. Thomas d'Aquin, Freiburg, 1910.
THOMAS OF CELANO: Franciscan author (thirteenth century). Of his life little is known; he is supposed to have lived last at the monastery of Tagliacozzo (44 m. e.n.e. of Rome) . The one thing certain is that in 1221 he took part in the mission to Germany that was prompted by Francis of Assisi; and that in Germany he had charge of the stations at Mainz, Worms, and Cologne. He returned to Italy after 1223. He can hardly have been one of the most intimate disciples of Francis; it is accordingly remarkable that Gregory IX. detailed him to
l'homas of Celano Thomasius