THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
by exceptional ruling, as by appealing to laws, privileges, contract, or inveterate usage. Moreover, the clergy never tithe one another.
Methods of payment are controlled by legal provisos, custom, contracts, and the nature of the transaction. Personal tithes are paid, as a rule, at the close of the year. In case of ani- 5. Methods mals, usually the tenth head is taken, of Payment, just as it comes, nor is selection allowed. Of tithes in produce it is generally provided that so soon as the same is ready for division, the tithe-payer notifies the receiver, so that the division may be accomplished. The removal of the tithed portion devolves on the payer, although in practise the opposite custom has very generally grown up. The holders of tithes are canonieally subject to various customary duties, such as that of contributing toward the building and maintenance of ecclesiastical edifices. Redemption of the tithes by means of fixed payments was usual even in medieval times; and the Curia sanctioned this custom in so far as it benefited the Church. On political and economic grounds the State promoted the repeal of tithes, though not always with due regard to the weal of the institutions which enjoyed the tithes and were partly founded thereon, as in France, some parts of Germany, and in Switzerland. Canon law views the tithes as objects collateral to things spiritual, and accordingly claims that any disputes in the matter must come before spiritual tribunals. This ruling, however, proved not to be permanently tenable against the State, and was modified at least in part. E. Sehling.
Bibliography: For the Biblical tithe the best discussions are to be found in the commentaries on the passages cited and in the works on O. T. theology and antiquities. Consult particularly: L. Saalschiitz, Das mosaische Recht, Berlin, 1853; S. R. Driver, Commentary on Deuteronomy, pp. 166-173, New York, 1895; H. Lansdell, The Sacred Tenth, 2 vols., London, 1906; idem, The Tithe in Scripture. Being Chapters from the Sacred Tenth. With a revised Bibliography on Tithe Paying and systematic and proportionate Giving, ib. 1908; Smith, Rel. of Sem, 2d ed., pp. 245-253; Schiirer, Geschichte, ii. 244-246, 251- 252 et passim, Eng. transl., II., i. 233, 239 et passim; Nowack, Archaologie, ii. 257-259; Benzinger, Archaologie, pp. 384 sqq., 397; DB, iv. 780-781; EB, iv. 5102-05; JE, xii. 150-152.
For the ecclesiastical tithe consult: Bingham, Origines, V., v.-vi. (gives full and exact references to the earlier literature); J. Selden, The Hist, of Tithes, in Works, iii. 1069-1298, London, 1726; W. H. Hale, The Antiquity of the Church-rate System, London, 1837; R. Swan, The Principle of Church-rates, from the Earliest Evidence of their Existence to the Present Time, London, 1837; W. Goode, A Brief Hist, of Church-rates, 2d ed., London, 1838; E. Loning, Geschichte des deutschen Kirchenrechls, ii. 676 sqq., Strasburg, 1878; K. Lamprecht, Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter, i. 113 sqq., 608 sqq., Leipsic, 1885; A. L. Richter, Kirchenrecht, 8th ed., by W. Kahl, pp. 1313 sqq., Leipsic, 1886; W Easterby, The Hist, of the Law of Tithes in England, Cambridge, 1888; M. J. Fuller, Our Title Deeds, London, 1890; P. Fabre, Recherches sur le dernier de S. Pierre en Angleterre, in Melanges G. B. de Rossi, pp. 159-182, Paris, 1892; Roundell Palmer, Earl of Selborne, Ancient Facts and Fictions concerning Churches and Tithes, 2d ed., London, 1892; H. W. Clark, A Hist, of Tithes, 2d ed., London, 1894; C. Meurer, Zehnt und Bodenzinsrecht in Bayern, Stuttgart, 1898; E. Perels, Kirchliche Zehnten im karolingischen Reiche, Berlin, 1904; E. Hennig, Die papstlichen Zehnten aus Deutschland im Zeitalter des avignonesischen Papsttums und wahrend des grossen Schismas, Halle, 1910; Hauck, KD, i. 137 sqq., ii. 222 sqq.; Pastor, Popes, iv. 83.
TITIUS, ti'ti-us or ti'tzi-us, ARTHUR BENEDICT WILHELM: German Protestant; b. at Sensburg (67 m. s.e. of Konigsberg) July 28, 1864. He was educated at the universities of Konigsberg (1883- 1885) and Berlin (1885-90; lie. theol., 1890), and in 1891 became privat-docent for systematic theology at Berlin. In 1895 he was appointed associate professor of systematicitheology and New-Testament exegesis in the University of Kiel, and full professor five years later. Since 1906 he has been professor of systematic theology at Gottingen, and since 1910 one of the chief editors of the Theologische Literaturzeitung. He has written Die neutestamentliche Lehre von der Seligkeit und ihre Bedeutung fur die Gegenwart (4 parts, Freiburg, 1895-1900); Das Verhdltnis der Herrnworte zu den Logia des Matthceus (Gottingen, 1897); Religion und Wissenschaft (Tubingen, 1904); and Der Bremer Radikalismus (1908).
TITTMANN, tit'man, JOHANN AUGUST HEIN- RICH: Professor in Leipsic; b. in Langensalza (10 m. n. of Gotha) Aug. 1, 1773; d. in Leipsic Dec. 30, 1831. He studied in Wittenberg (M.A., 1791), where his father was professor, and from 1792 in Leipsic, where he became bachelor of theology and morning preacher at the university in 1795, at the same time beginning to deliver lectures in theology. He was made professor extraordinary in philosophy in 1796 and in 1800 was transferred to a like position in the theological faculty, becoming professor primarius in 1818. A Ciceronian gift of oratory and marked ability in practical matters enabled him to render valuable services to his city and university in his various honorable and responsible positions in Church and State. His theological position was that of a rationalistic supernaturalism, which in his time passed for orthodoxy. Of his numerous publications the most noteworthy were a theological encyclopedia (Leipsic, 1798) ; a text-book of homiletics (1804); Pragmatische Geschichte der Theologie und Religion in der protestantischen Kirche wahrend der zweiten Hdlfte des 18. Jahrhunderts (Breslau, 1805); Institutio symbolica ad sententiam ecclesice evangelicce (Leipsic, 1811); Ueber Supranaturalismus, Rationalismus, und Atheismus (1816) ; an edition of the symbolical books (1817); an edition of the New Testament (1820); and a series of programs on New-Testament synonyms (1820-29; collected into book i. 1829; book ii. ed. G. Beecher, 1832; Eng. transl., vols. iii. and xviii. of The Biblical Cabinet, Edinburgh, 1833-37). (E. Schwarz1\)
Bibliography: Allgemeine Kirchenzeitung, 1832, no. 9;
G. W. Frank, Geschichte der protestantischen Theologie, iii.
394, Leipsic, 1875; ADB, xxxviii. 385.
TITULAR BISHOP. See Bishop, Titular.
TITUS: A prominent personage in the circle of Paul's disciples, known solely from the Pauline letters. From Gal. ii. 1-5, it appears that he was the son of heathen parents, that he was not circumcised on becoming a Christian, and that he remained uncircumcised after the Apostolic Council at Jerusalem (q.v.). It is not stated that he was converted by Paul, but such an assumption is natural; if it be true, Titus came from one of the provinces where Paul preached before the Apostolic Council,