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THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D. ( Editor-in-Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN [VOLUMES I—V]]
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A. (Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D. JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology ) (Department of the Old Testament) HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations) (Department of the New Testament) JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Inturgics and Religious Orders) (Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, LL.D., F.S.A. (Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
Complete in Twelve Volumes
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON
THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D. ( Editor-in-Chief )
WITH THE SOLE ASSISTANCE, AFTER VOLUME VI., OF
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A. (Associate Editor)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D. JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology ) (Department of the Old Testament) HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations) (Department of the New Testament) JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders) (Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, LL.D., F.S.A. (Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
VOLUME XII TRENCH — ZWINGLI APPENDIX
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON
Coprriaut, 1912, By FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
Registered at Stationers’ Hall, London, England
Printed in the United States of America Published March, 1912
PREFACE
Ir is now eight years and a half since this encyclopedia was begun. Unbroken harmony has characterized my relations with the members of the staff, and I take this opportunity to return my heartfelt thanks for their devotion and interest, which have made each day’s work a pleasure.
The following persons whose names are not elsewhere mentioned have contributed for longer or shorter periods their services as translators: Epwr1n B. Cuiuron, WILLIAM Luoyp Bevan, Ph.D., Asram Lipsxy, the Rev CHartEs ApAmM Monr, B.A., DANIEL _Lones Peacock, Mrs. L. pE QuEsapa, and Simeon Strunsky, B.A.; and as assistant office editors: Huspert Evans, Ph.D., FrepERIcK W. HumpHrey, and CHARLES JOSEPH GILLEN.
Two persons have greatly helped us to correct errors into which, notwithstanding our care, we have fallen: BrrNHArpD Pick, Ph.D., D.D., for vols. i. and ii., and Rev. Mat- BORNE W. GranaM, of Williams, Ohio, for all the volumes. The mistakes which these and others have pointed out have been frankly acknowledged in the succeeding volumes and corrected. It is to be hoped that other publishers of encyclopedias will pursue this plan, thus enabling the purchasers of the first editions of their works to be at least in part ona footing of equality with the purchasers of later editions.
In this connection I thank Mr. Istpor Furst, proof-reader for the Publishers Printing Company, whose skill and watchfulness have united to give the public the typographical accuracy which I believe these volumes can boast. Thanks are also due to Proressor E. A. A. O. A. von Dosscuuetz, of the University of Breslau, for his contributions to the accuracy and completeness with which the sketches of contemporary German theologians are furnished.
But my closing word must concern the REv. GEORGE WILLAM GILMORE, the associate editor from the beginning to the end and the managing editor of the last six volumes. He brought to the work wide knowledge, especially in the two little-cultivated fields of comparative religion and bibliography. He has shared, however, in all the other departments of this encyclopedia as translator and collaborator. It is only truth to say that it is due largely to his devotion and remarkable intelligence and learning that the work is so worthy
the confidence of the public. SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON,
Editor-in-Chief.
Frpruary 14th, 1912.