SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION
a) 5 = phorp Pi, p=k Vee wos w = sh A=t Pi thor t
The vowels are transcribed by a, e, i, 0, u, without attempt to indicate quantity or quality. Arabic and other Semitic languages are transliterated according to the same system as Hebrew. Greek is written with Roman characters, the common equivalents being used.
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION
When the pronunciation is self-evident the titles are not respelled; when by mere division and accentuation it can be shown sufficiently clearly the titles have been divided into syllables, and the accented syllables indicated.
a a a a e é i i °
oO
as in sofa
if
“ce
6“
arm
fate
tin machine obey
no
1In accented syllables only; in unaccented syllables it approximates the sound of e in over. beneath it, indicates the sound of n as in ink.
e as in not re) “ac ce nor oy, SE GS Salle Ce rule “cc 6é but “cc (73 burn ai “ec “é pine auf out els Sa onl TU LEW.
iu as in duration Ck mrcat ch ce churem
cw = qu as in queen
“ the
dh (th) “ f “ g (hard) “ = «“ hw (wh) “
j oe
“a
“ce
fancy
go
loch (Scotch) why
jaw
Nasal n (as in French words) is rendered n.
? In German and French names ti approximates the sound of u in dune.
The letter n, with a dot
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX: Archbishop of Dublin, Church of Ireland; b. in Dublin, Ireland, Sept. 5 (9?), 1807; d. in London Mar. 28, 1886. He studied at the schools of Twyford and Harrow, and at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1829; M.A., 1833; B.D., 1850); traveled in Spain, 1830; was ordained deacon, 1832; became curate to H. J. Rose at Hadleigh, Suffolk, 1833; at Colchester, 1834, then going to Italy; returning, he was ordained priest, 1835; became curate of Curdridge, Hampshire, 1835; and of Alverstoke, 1841; became rector of Itchinstoke, Hants, 1844; examining chaplain to Bishop Wilberforce of Oxford, 1845; was Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge, 1845-46; professor of divinity at King’s College, 1846-54; professor of exegesis of the New Testament, 1854-58; dean of Westminster, 1856-64; and archbishop of Dublin, 1864-84. He was a devout and conservative High-churchman of the best type, but his theological writings were free from sectional bias. He threw the weight of his influence against disestablishment. As a writer, he showed choice Biblical, patristic, and modern Anglo-German learning, original thought, and a reverential and truly Christian spirit. His repute in philology equaled that in Biblical criticism. Outside of numerous individual and collected sermons, he was the author of Notes on the Parables of our Lord (London, 1841, and often); Genoveva; a Poem (1842); Exposition of the Sermon on the Mount... from... St. Augustine (1844); The Fitness of Holy Scripture for Unfolding the Spiritual Life of Men (Hulsean Lectures for 1845; Cambridge, 1845); Christ the Desire of all Nations, or the Unconscious Prophecies of Heathendom (Hulsean Lectures for 1846; 1846); Notes on the Miracles of our Lord (London, 1846 and often); Sacred Latin Poetry (1849); On the Study of Words (Five Lectures; 1851, and often); On the Lessons in Proverbs (Five Lectures; 1853, and often); Synonyms of the New Testament (Cambridge, 1854, and often); Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia. Revelation 7. wi. (London, 1861); Studies in the Gospels (1867); Plutarch; his Life, Lives, and Morals (1873); Lectures on Medieval Church History (1877); Poems (new ed., 2 vols., 1885); and edited a Household Book of English Poetry (1868).
Brsriocrapuy: Letters and Memorials of Archbishop Trench, 2 vols., London, 1888; J. Silvester, Archbishop Trench . . . a Sketch of his Life and Character, ib. 1891; DNB, Ivii. 191-194.
XII.—1
TRENKLE, FRANZ SALES: German Roman Catholic; b. at Waldkirch (9 m. n.n.e. of Freiburg) Jan. 26, 1860. He was educated at the universities of Freiburg (1879-82) and Heidelberg (1884-85; D.D., Freiburg, 1886); became privat-docent at Freiburg for New-Testament exegesis, 1868; and associate professor of the same subject, 1894. -He has written a novel, Willa von Waldkirch (under the pseudonym of Fritz Frei; Heidelberg, 1900); a commentary on James (Freiburg, 1894); and Einlettung in das Neue Testament (1897).
TRENT, COUNCIL OF. Occasion, Sessions, and Attendance (§ 1). Objects and General Results (§ 2).
The Canons and Decrees (§ 3). Publication of Documents (§ 4).
The Council of Trent, the nineteenth (or, according to another reckoning, the eighteenth) of the ecumenical councils recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, takes its name from the place where it was held, a city in the southern and Italian part of the Tyrol (73 m. n.w. of Venice), and lasted, with interruptions, from Dec. 13, 1545, to Dec. 4, 1563. From a doctrinal and disciplinary point of view, it was the most important council in the history of the Roman church, fixing her distinctive faith and practise in relation to the Protestant Evangelical churches. Its decrees were supplemented by the Vatican Council of 1870 (q.v.).
In reply to the bull Hxsurge Domine of Leo X. (1520) Luther had burned the document and appealed to a general council. From 1522 German diets joined in the appeal, and Charles V. seconded
and pressed it as a means of settling 1. Occasion, the controversy started by the Ref-
Sessions, ormation and of reunifying the Church.
and Attend- After the deliverances of Pius II. in ance. his bull Hzecrabilis (1460) and his reply to the University of Cologne
(1463), setting aside the theory of the supremacy of general councils laid down by the Council of Constance (see ConsTaNcE, CouNCIL oF), it was the papal policy to avoid councils and the free discussions they developed. Unable, however, to resist the urgency of Charles V., Paul III. (q.v.), after proposing Mantua as the place of meeting, convened the council as exclusively Roman at Trent (at that time a free city of the Holy Roman Empire under a prince-bishop), on Dec. 13, 1545; it was transferred to Bologna in Mar., 1547. from fear
Trent, Council of