25 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Tristram Triumphus
to the three “ hypostases,” was God in essence and nature (hence called Tetradits); and the Niobitee who held that after the union of the natures in Christ there was no further difference. The tritheistic controversy may be assumed to have been terminated by the invasions of the Persians and Arabs into Egypt, the land which seems to have been its center.
The penetration of Aristotelianism into the West and the rise of scholasticism led to another tritheistic controversy though more restricted. The nominalist Roscelinus (q.v.; see also ScHo- LASTICISM) declared that either the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost were tres res, or that the Father and the Holy Ghost had become incarnate with the Son, the former being the more probable. In 1092 Roscelinus was compelled, by a synod held at Soissons, to recant; and when he repeated his views, Anselm of Canterbury refuted him in his De fide trinitatis et de incarnatione verbi contra blasphemias Rucelini. In more recent times the Cartesian philosophy led some to tritheistic views, such as those of William Sherlock (q.v.) and Pierre Faydit of Paris (d. 1709). Heinrich Nicolai of Danzig (d. 1660), the rationalistic Anton Oehmbs (d. 1809), and the Roman Catholic Anton Giinther (d. 1863) were charged with teaching tritheism.
(J. LErPoLpt.) BrsiiograprHy: The works of Johannes Philoponos (q.v.);
Photius, Bibliotheca, xxiv., in MPG, ciii. 60 sqq.; Leon-
tius of Byzantium, in MPG, lxxxvi. 1232D-1233B; Tim-
othy of Constantinople, in MPG, lxxxvi. 1, pp. 44 sqq.;
Sophronius of Jerusalem, in MPG, Ixxxvii.; George the
Pisidian, in MPG, xcii.; John of Damascus, Her., lxxxiii.,
in MPG, xciv. 744 sqq.; Nicephorus, Hist. eccl., xviii. 47,
49; Abulfaraj (for his works see the article), in Assemani,
Bibliotheca orientalis, ii.; J. L. von Mosheim, Institutes of
Ecclesiastical Hist., i. 431-432, London, 1863; Harnack,
Dogma, iii. 90, 93-94, 101-102, iv. 124, 235, 240, vi. 182;
and part of the historical literature under TriniTY.
TRITHEMIUS, trit-é’mi-itis, JOHANNES: German Benedictine; b. at Trittenheim (12 m. n.n.e. of Treves) Feb. 1, 1462; d. at Wiirzburg Dec. 13, 1516. After a youth of severest privation, he was enabled to begin his theological and humanistic education at Heidelberg, but in 1482 a sudden storm which caused him to return to the Benedictine monastery of Sponheim, near Kreuznach, where he had been hospitably received, led him to think himself divinely called to the monastic life. He was gladly accepted, and through his learning, piety, and diligence so won the esteem of the monks that within a year he was chosen abbot. He could now live the scholar’s life; he speedily made the monastery library one of the most important in Germany, and was a friend of the leading humanists of the period. At the same time, he improved the tone of monastery life, both morally and intellectually, and greatly bettered its financial and architectural status. Despite all this, Trithemius was ill adapted to rule a monastery. He made repeated mistakes in choosing his priors, and his administration was marked by vacillation. More than this, he was absent from Sponheim more than was advisable, and his authority slipped from his hands before he was aware. Unwilling to fight for his- position, he accepted the invitation of the learned Lawrence of Bibra, bishop of Wirzburg,
who, in 1506, made him head of the small abbey of the Irish monastery of St. James in the see city. Here, in retirement and study, Trithemius passed the remainder of his life.
Comparatively few of the numerous writings of Trithemius, which were devoted to theology, history, and occultism (his studies in the latter gaining him the reputation of a magician), were published during his lifetime. To the latter category belong his Steganographia, sive de ratione occulte scribendi (written in 1500; Frankfort, 1606 [see J. E. Bailey, John Dee and the “ Steganographia” of Trithemius, London, 1879]); and Polygraphie libri quatuor (written in 1507; Oppenheim, 1518 {French transl., Polygraphie, et universelle escriture cabalistique, Paris, 1561]). Of his theological writings the most important is the Sermones et exhortationes ad monachos (written in 1486; Strasburg, 1516). Asa historian Trithemius gained wide fame during his lifetime, but he wrote from a partizan point of view, and even invented sources, as ‘‘ Hunibald’s ” Libri octodecim historiarum, which he cited as an authority for the period from 440 to the reign of Chlodowech, or the Fulda chronicler ‘‘ Meginfrid.”’ These histories have no value except when treating of their author’s own times. His theological writings were collected under the title Johannis Trithennt Opera pia et spiritualia quotquot reperiri potuerunt (ed. J. Buseeus, Mainz, 1604) and in J. Buszeus’ Paralipomena opusculorum Petri Blesensis, Johannis Trithemii, et Hincmari (1605); his historical writings appeared as Johannis Trithemii, . . . Opera historica (ed. M. Freher, 2 parts, Frankfort, 1601), while J. G. Schlegel edited the Annales Hirsaugienses (St. Gall, 1690); and his letters formed the volume entitled Johannis Trithemii, abbatis Sponheimensis, epistolarum familiarium libri duo (Hagenau, 1536). (A. Hauck.) BrstiocrapHy: H. A. Erhard, Geschichte des Wiederauf-
bliihens wissenschaftlicher Bildung, iii. 379 sqq., Magde-
burg, 1832; Paul, De fontibus a Trithemio ..., Halle,
1867; J. Silbernagl, J. Trithemius, Landshut, 1868; K. E.
H. Miller, Quellen welche der Abt Tritheim . . . benutzt
hat, Leipsic, 1871; W. Schneegans, Abt J. Trithemius und
Kloster Sponheim, Kreuznach, 1882; G. Mentz, Ist es be-
weisen, dass Trithemius ein Fdalscher war? Jena, 1892; ADB, xxxviii. 626 sqq.; KL, vi. 1770 sqq.
TRIUMPHUS, trai’/umf-us, AUGUSTINUS (AU- GUSTINO TRIONFO): Italian Augustinian; b. at Ancona in 1243; d. at Naples Apr. 2, 13828. At the age of eighteen he entered the Augustinian order, and studied at Paris under Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventura, later himself delivering lectures. In 1274 he was summoned by Gregory X. to the Council of Lyons, and three years later became chaplain of Prince Francesco Carrara at Padua. Later he was again at Ancona, whence he was called to Naples by Charles II., where until his death he was royal tutor, counselor, and envoy. A steadfast adherent of papal sovereignty, he wrote, in 1308, his treatise Contra articulos inventos ad diffamandum sanctissimum patrem ... Bonifaciwm papam, which, while advocating obedience to the French Pope Clement V., urged that the papal throne be filled by Italians. Other writings of this period are Super facto templariorum and De potestate collegii mortuo papa, the first declaring that the
Troas Trudbert
pope alone has power to judge heretics, and accordingly disapproving the royal proceeding in the case of the Knights Templars (see TEMPLARS), and the second opposing the oligarchic tendency of the college of cardinals, an attitude still further emphasized in his Contra divinatores et somniatores. These thoughts are summed up in his Summa de potestate ecclesiastica, written about 1322 (Augsburg, 1473, etc.; last ed., Rome, 1584), in which the doctrine of papal supremacy over emperor and princes is carried to its utmost extreme. (R. Scxumrp.)
Breuiocrapray: F.C. Curtius, Virorwm ex ordine erimitarum . elogia, Antwerp, 1636; E. Friedberg, in ZKR, 1869; Scholz, in Stutz’s Kirchenrechtliche Abhandlungen, 1903, parts 6-8; J. Haller, Papsttum und Kirchenreform, i. 82, Berlin, 1903.
TROAS. See Asia Minor, IV.
TROELTSCH, trdltsh, ERNST PETER WIL- HELM: German Protestant; b. at Haunstetten (2 m. s. of Augsburg) Feb. 17, 1865. He was educated at the universities of Erlangen, Berlin, and Godttingen from 1883 to 1888 (lic. theol., Gottingen, 1891); was vicar at Munich in 1890; became privat-docent at Gottingen, 1891; associate professor at Bonn, 1892; professor of systematic theology at Heidelberg, 1904; and succeeded Pfleiderer at Berlin in 1908. He has written Vernunft und Offenbarung bei Johann Gerhard und Melanchthon (Gittingen, 1891); Richard Rothe (Freiburg, 1899); Die wissenschaftliche Lage und ihre Anforderungen an die Theologie (Tiibingen, 1900); Die Absolutheit des Christentums und der Religionsgeschichte (1902); Politische Ethik und Christentum (Gottingen, 1904) ;
Das Historische in Kants Religionsphilosophie (Ber- .
lin, 1904); Psychologie und Erkenntnistheorie in der Religionswissenschaft (Tiibingen, 1905); Die Bedeutung des Protestantismus fiir die Entstehung der modernen Welt (Munich, 1906); Die Trennung von Staat und Kirche (Tiibingen, 1907); and contributed to Geschichte der christlichen Religion, in Kultur der Gegenwart, I., iv. (Leipsic, 1909); also Schleiermacher, der Philosoph des Glaubens to Moderne Philosophie (Berlin, 1910).
TRONCHIN, tron-shan, LOUIS: Son of Theodore Tronchin (q.v.); b. at Geneva Dec. 4, 1629; d. there Sept. 8, 1705. Hestudied at the Protestant academy of Saumur under Moise Amyraut (q.v.), whose “‘ hypothetical universalism ’”’ had been vehemently contested by Tronchin the elder; he became pastor of the congregation of Lyons, 1656; and professor of theology at Geneva, 1661, in which position he represented the liberal trend and advocated tolerance. In 1669 he demanded the abolition of the oath that was imposed on all candidates [in theology], not to attempt any innovations in the Calvinist doctrine. His works were: Disputatio de providentia Det (Geneva, 1670); De auctoritate Scripture Sacre (1677). G. Bonet-Mavry.
Brsriocrapny: E. and Fi. Haag, La France protestante, vol. ix., 2d ed., Paris, 1877 sqq.; J. Gaberel, Hist. de l’église de Genéve, vol. iii., Geneva, 1862; C. Borgeaud, L’ Académie de Calvin, ib. 1900; Lichtenberger, ESR, xii. 234— 236.
TRONCHIN, THEODORE: Orientalist, theologian, and controversialist; b. at Geneva Apr. 17,