History, pp. 424 sqq., London, 1877; W. E. H. Lecky,
European Morals, ii. 254, New York, 1894; P. Hinschius,
Kirchenrecht, v. 305 sqq., Berlin, 1893; E. Sachur, Die
Cluniacenser, ii. 213, Halle, 1894; E. Mayer, Deutsche und
franzdsiche Verfassungsgeschichte, i. 161 sqq., Leipsic,
1899; Neander, Christian Church, ili. 407. Original docu-
ments are accessible in Huberti, ut sup.; in MGH, Leg.,
Sectio IV., Constitutiones, i (1893), 596 sqq.; Reich, Doc-
uments, pp. 151-152; Henderson, Documents, pp. 208-
211; Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, pp. 412-419;
Robinson, European History, i. 187-191; D.C. Munro and
G. C. Sellery, Medieval Civilization, pp. 183-184, New
York, 1904.
On_the separate countries, consult for France: C. Pfister, Etude sur la régne de Robert le Pieux, pp. 161 sqq., Paris, 1885; L. Huberti, Studien zur Rechtsgeschichte der Gottesfrieden, vol. i., Anspach, 1892 (contains all that is really essential). For Germany: E. Steindorff, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich III., i. 337, 448 sqq., Leipsic, 1874; Nitzsch, in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, xxi (1881), 269 sqq.; Herzberg-Frinkel, ib., xxiii (1883), 117 sqq.; G. Waitz, Verfassungsgeschichte, ed. G. Seeliger, vi. 537, Berlin, 1896. For Italy: Bollati, in Miscellanea di storia Italiana, xviii. 373 sqq.; Due, ib., xxiv. 366 sqq. For England: F. Liebermann, Ueber die Leges Edwardi Confessoris, pp. 59 sqq., Halle, 1896.
TRUDBERT, trit’bert (TRUTPERT): Martyr and founder about 600 of a famous monastery 20 m. s. of Freiburg in the Breisgau; b., possibly in Ireland, in the sixth century; d., according to some, in 607. Legend makes him the brother of Rupert, the apostle to the Bavarians, and states that he
True Reformed Church Truth, Truthfulness
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 28
a ee
made a pilgrimage to Italy. His day is Apr. 26. His remains were disinterred in 816, and his basilica was rebuilt. His legendary life is preserved in three recensions: one of the early ninth century (ed. F. J. Mone, Quellensammlung der badischen Landesgeschichte, i. 19-21, Carlsruhe, 1845; MGH, Script. rer. Merov., iv. 352 sqq.), a second by Abbot Erchenbald early in the tenth century (ed. Mone, ut sup., pp. 22-26), and a third written in 1279 or 1280 (ed. ASB, Apr., iii. 424 sqq.). (D. Keriert.) BIBLIOGRAPHY? Rettberg, KD, ii. 48-50; Friedrich, KD, ii. 1, pp. 607-613; Hauck, KD, i. 340-341. A number of early sources of greater or lesser value are collected in ¥F. J. Mone, Quellensammlung der badischen Landesgeschichte, i. 19-26, Carlsruhe, 1848; and in ASB, April, iii. 426-440. Consult further: A. Baur, in Freiburger Diécesan-Archiv, xi (1877), 249-252; also J.G. Meusel, Neuweste Literatur der Geschichtskunde, p. 355, Erfurt, 1780; Rieder, Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fiir Beférderung der Geschichts- Kunde vom Freiburg, xiii (1897), 79-104; KL, xii. 120.
TRUE REFORMED CHURCH. See Rerormep (Dutcx) Cuuxrcg, IL., § 7.
TRUEBLOOD, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: Friend; b. near Salem, Ind., Nov. 25, 1847. He was educated at Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (B.A., 1869), and was principal of Raisin Valley Seminary, Adrian, Mich. (1869-71), professor of English literature in Harlham College (1871-73) and of classics in Penn College, Ia. (1873-74), and president of Wilmington College, O. (1874-79), and of Penn College (1879-90). In 1890-91 he studied military conditions in Europe, and since 1892 has been general secretary of the American Peace Society, and editor of The Advocate of Peace. He has attended nearly all the international peace conferences and has been a vice-president of several of them. He took part in the National Arbitration conferences at Washington in 1896 and 1904, and in the National Peace Conference at New York in 1907. Theologically he describes himself as “ orthodox in a large, general sense,”’ and as accepting the historical method of the study of the Bible, although not acquiescing in some of the extreme conclusions of higher criticism. He has written The Federation of the World (Boston, 1899); and International Arbitration at the Opening of the 20th Century (1910).
TRULLAN SYNODS: Two synods held in 680 and 692 in the council chamber of the imperial palace at Constantinople, which had an oval vaulted roof (hence the name, Gk.-Lat., troullos, troulla, “bowl ’’). The first of these, the sixth ecumenical council, was convened by the Emperor Constantinus Pogonatus, and in eighteen sessions endeayored to allay the controversies aroused by the Monothelites (q.v.). The second Trullan synod was convened by Justinian II. to complete, and form one council with, the two ecumenical councils of 553 and 680. It issued 102 canons, some of which excited the antagonism of the Western Church. It also ignored almost entirely Western synods, thus disregarding all enactments of the popes. The thirteenth canon sanctioned the marriage of the clergy. The thirty-sixth canon, though ranking the patriarch of Constantinople after the pope, made him equal in power and privileges.
The fifty-fifth canon repeated the Eastern prohibition of fasting on the Saturdays in Lent; the sixty-seventh forbade the eating of blood or of suffocated animals; and the eighty-second prohibited the use of certain pictures of Christ as the Lamb of God, particularly those in which John the Baptist was also represented. Though the legates of Pope Sergius I. signed the canons of the synod, when Justinian demanded the signature of Sergius I., the latter refused and absolutely rejected the canons of the synod, because the authority of Rome was lessened. Yet a definite pronouncement of the church was never delivered. Hadrian I., in 785, spoke as if he approved them, but John VIII. (872- 882), while not specifically rejecting any canons, declined to approve any which were contrary to former canons, to papal decrees, or to good morals. The Greek Church, on the other hand, has always recognized the Trullan canons as the valid measures of an ecumenical council. (A. Hauck.) BrstiograpHy: W. Beveridge, Synodicon, sine pandecte canonum, i. 152-283, Oxford, 1672; F. Walch, Historie der Kirchensammlungen, pp. 432 sqq., 441 sqq., Leipsic, 1759; idem, Historie der Ketzereien, ix. 317 sqq., 387 sqq., 443 sqq., ib. 1780; J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca juris orientalis, i. 120, 408 sqq., v. 55-348, Rome, 1766; J. C. W. Augusti, Denkwiirdigkeiten aus der christlichen Archdologie, iii. 124 sqq., 12 vols., Leipsic, 1817-31; A. Pichler, Geschichte der kirchlichen Trennung zwischen Orient und Occident, i. 87 sqq., Munich, 1864; Hergenréther, Conciliengeschichte, iii. 314-347, Eng. transl., v. 206-241, Fr. transl., iii. 1, pp. 539-581; idem, Photius, i. 210 sqq., 216 sqq., Regensburg, 1867; Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 507-510; Mansi, Concilia, xi. 189 sqq., 921 sqq.; KL, xii, 120-121. TRUMBULL, HENRY CLAY: Congregationalist; b. at Stonington, Conn., June 8, 1830; d. in West Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 8, 1903. His education was chiefly private. He was in business from 1849 till 1858, when he became state missionary of the American Sunday School Union for Connecticut. On Sept. 10, 1862, he was ordained as a Congregational clergyman in order to go as chaplain to the Tenth Regiment Connecticut Volunteers, and was in the army service till Aug. 25, 1865 (prisoner of war in South Carolina and Virginia, 1863). From 1865 till 1871 he was secretary for the New England department of the American Sunday School Union; was normal secretary of the society till 1875, when he came to his final position, the editorship of The Sunday School Times, published in Philadelphia, of which he subsequently became owner and which he brought to the front rank of Sunday-school journalism. In consequence of his excessive labors he broke down in the winter of 1880 and in Jan., 1881, went for rest and recreation to Egypt and Palestine. He had no linguistic fitness for oriental or Biblical research, but he devoted much attention to archeology and wrote two volumes which display wide reading and have been well received. The first, Kadesh Barnea (New York, 1884), describes, justifies, and puts in its proper setting what has been accepted as the discovery of the true site of Kadesh Barnea, at Kadees, visited on Mar. 30, 1881. The second was The Blood Covenant (1885). The last was supplemented by The Threshold Covenant (1896) and The Covenant of Salt (1899), both valuable. Considering how busy his life was, his authorship in the way of books was large, for, in addition to those men-
29 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Eig ect ay pain
tioned, he wrote five biographies, Henry Ward Camp (The Knightly Soldier, Boston, 1865); Elliot Beecher Preston (Hartford, 1866); John Wait Barton (Falling in Harness, Philadelphia, 1867); Henry Hatch Manning (The Captured Scout of the Army of the James, Boston, 1869); and Henry Philemon Haven (The Model Superintendent, New York, 1880), and several books on his specialty of Sunday-school instruction, The Sunday-school Concert (Boston, 1861); Teaching and Teachers (Philadelphia, 1885); The Sunday-school, its Origin, Mission, Methods and Auciliaries (Yale lectures, 1888); and Principles and Practice (1889).
Brstiograpuy: P. E. Howard, The Life Story of Henry Clay Trumbull, Philadelphia, 1905.