45 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Turrettini Tychsen
came his modest reluctance, and in 1835 he became professor of dogmatics and New-Testament exegesis there. Here his task was to preserve the middle way between the Hegelianism of Marheineke and the neo-orthodox legalism of Hengstenberg, both of whom found a bond of union in opposition to an undesired colleague. Having points both of sympathy and of antagonism with both Marheineke and Hengstenberg, he yet remained essentially aloof from the trend of either, contenting himself with a clear presentation of his own convictions that recognized all that was good in his opponents, withdrawing approval only where there was evident lack of truthfulness or open denial of Evangelical principles. His ecclesiastical aims found noteworthy expression in the general synod of Berlin in 1846. Here, in the search for a basis for the Evangelical Church of Prussia which should meet the requirements of the time, it became necessary to establish a confession. Opposing the attempt to make a new formulation of the doctrines common to the Evangelical creeds, Twesten urged the retention of the old standards, though without erecting these classical documents of the Reformation into a judicial system. His principles were further exemplified in his attitude toward union, whose antitheses, he held, would lead neither to schism nor to heresy. The end of all efforts for union should be, according to him, the association, for mutual edification, of all Christians living in one place at the same time, a sharp distinction being drawn between the practical and the merely academic. This attitude of mediation was maintained by Twesten in his practical administration of ecclesiastical affairs.
In addition to the works already mentioned, Twesten edited F. Schleiermacher’s Grundriss der philosophischen Ethik (Berlin, 1841) and L. Hutter’s Compendium locorum theologicorum (1855), and wrote Commentatio critica de Hesiodi carmine quod inscribitur opera et dies (Kiel, 1815); Matthias Flacius Illyricus (Berlin, 1844); and Zur Hrinnerung an Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schlevermacher (1868).
(G. Herrict.)
BrsiiocrapHy: The one biography is C. F. G. Heinrici, August Twesten nach Tagebiichern und Briefen, Berlin, 1889. Consult further: C. E. Carstens, Geschichte der Kieler theologischen Fakultét, Kiel, 1875; P. Kleinert and E. Curtius, Worte der Erinnerung an Dr. A. Twesten, Berlin, 1889; E. Hitzig, Ernst Constantin Ranke, pp. 151-152, Leipsic, 1906.
TWICHELL, JOSEPH HOPKINS: Congregationalist; b. at Southington, Conn., May 27, 1838. He was educated at Yale (A.B., 1859) and studied at Union Theological Seminary (1859-61) and Andover Theological Seminary (1864-65). He was a chaplain in the Union Army during the Civil War, and since 1865 has been pastor of Asylum Hill Congregational Church, Hartford, Conn. He has written John Winthrop (New York, 1891) and has edited Some Old Puritan Love Letters (correspondence of John and Margaret Winthrop; 1893).
TWIN (DWIN, DVIN, DEVIN): The early capital and Christian center of Armenia (120 m. s. of Tiflis, Russia). Its significance for church history lies in the facts that seven synods were held there,
and that it became the seat of the catholicos (c. 452) as a result of Persian attacks on Armenian Christians, who were driven from Echmiadzin, the earlier and the prese seat. Contemporary sources for Armenian history during the sixth century are inadequate and in some cases contradictory. The consequence is that many dates even of the most important events can not be accurately determined. The most probable date for the first synod of Twin is 524, under King Kavadh (d. 531). Among the most eminent of the prelates present were Peter, bishop of Siunik, and Nersapuh, bishop of Taron. Besides authorizing Twin as the seat of the catholicos, the synod determined upon complete separation from the Greeks, involving rejection of the Chaleedonian symbol with its diophysitism and a reassertion of monophysitism; the celebration of the birth and baptism (spiritual birth) on the same day; and the addition of the clause in the Trisagion (q.v.), ‘‘ Thou wast crucified for us,” to the liturgy. The second synod of Twin (Dec. 14, 552) regulated the Armenian calendar and adopted July 11, 552, as the beginning of the Armenian era and the New Year’s day of the new era. See ArmenrIA; NeRSES. A. H. Newman.
BrsiiocRapHy: The literature under ARMENIA; and W. F. Adeney, The Greek and Eastern Churches, pp. 539 saaq., New York, 1908.
TWISSE, WILLIAM: Puritan divine; b. at Speenham-Land, near Newbury (16 m. w.s.w. of Reading), England, ec. 1578; d. in London July 20, 1646. He received his education at New College, Oxford (fellow, 1598; B.A., 1600; M.A., 1604; B.D., 1612; D.D., 1614); became chaplain to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of James I., on her marriage in 1613 to Elector-Palatine Frederick V., but was recalled after two months and made vicar of Newton, and in 1620 of Newbury, where he remained, although he received the offer of several preferments in the Church of England and of a professorship of divinity at Franeker, Friesland. He was a Calvinist of the supralapsarian school, learned and of a speculative genius. He was a member of the Westminster Assembly of which he was unanimously elected prolocutor—a post for which he was temperamentally unfitted. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, but by royal mandate his remains were dug up Sept. 14, 1661, and thrown with those of several other persons into a pit in St. Margaret’s churchyard, which immediately adjoins the abbey. He distinguished himself by his writings against Arminianism, and his Opera appeared at Amsterdam (2 vols., 1652).
BrsuiocrapuHy: The principal source is G. Kendall’s Tuissii vita et victoria, appended to Kendall’s Fur pro tribunali, London, 1657. Consult further DNB, lvii. 397-399, and the short notices to which reference is there given.
TYANA, APOLLONIUS OF. See APpoLLonius or Tyana.
TYCHONIUS. See TicHontvs.
TYCHSEN, tin’zen (TUKA), OLUF GERHARD: German orientalist; b. at Tondern (106 m. n.w. of Hamburg) Dec. 14, 1734; d. at Rostock Dec. 30, 1815. He was educated at Altona; studied theology and oriental languages at Halle; became in
Tyerman Tyndale
1759 a member of the Kallenberg missionary institution for the conversion of Jews and Mohammedans, but proved very unsuccessful in his practical attempts; and was in 1760 appointed professor of oriental languages at Biitzow, whence in 1789 he was removed to Rostock. He was an authority on Jewish learning and Semitic numismatics, but lacked practical wisdom, as appears from his controversies with Kennicott (T’entamen de variis codicum Hebr. Veteris Test. MSS. generibus, Rostock, 1772), and with Bayer (Die Unechtheit der qiidischen Miinzen mit hebrdischen und samaritanischen Buchstaben, Rostock, 1779). The best he wrote is found in his Btitzowsche Nebenstunden (6 vols., 1766-69), and Introductio in rem numariam Muhamedanorum (1794).
Brsuiocrapuy: A. T. Hartmann, Oluf Gerhard Tychsen, 2
vols., Bremen, 1818-20.
TYERMAN, LUKE: Wesleyan; b. at Osmotherley, Yorkshire, Feb. 26, 1820; d. in London Mar. 21, 1889. He was educated at the Didsbury Wesleyan Methodist Theological Institution, near Manchester, 1842-45, and devoted himself to the ministry. His significance comes from his standard historical works dealing with the origins of Methodism, viz., Life and Times of Rev. Samuel Wesley (London, 1866); Life and Times of Rev. John Wesley (3 vols., 1870-71); The Oxford Methodist (1873); Life of Rev. George Whitefield (2 vols., 1876); Wesley’s Designated Successor: the Life, Letters, and Literary Labours of Rev. John W. Fletcher, Vicar of Madeley (1882).
TYLER, BENJAMIN BUSHROD: Disciple; b. at Decatur, Ill, Apr. 9, 1840. He was educated at Hureka College, Eureka, Ill., and held pastorates in his denomination at Charleston, Ill. (1864-69), Terre Haute, Ind. (1869-73), Frankfort, Ky. (1873- 1876), Louisville, Ky. (1876-83), and New York City (1883-1900). Since 1900 he has been pastor of the South Broadway Christian Church, Denver, Col. Since 1893 he has been a member of the editorial board of the St. Louis Christian Evangelist. He was also a member of the International Sunday School Lesson Committee in 1890-1908, and while in New York was a member of the committee on versions of the American Bible Society. He has Hae History of the Disciples of Christ (New York,
TYLER, BENNET: Congregational theologian; b. in Middlebury (then a part of Woodbury), Conn., July 10, 1783; d. at East Windsor, Conn., May 14, 1858. He was graduated at Yale College in 1804; spent a year as teacher in Weston, Conn.; studied theology with the Rev. Asahel Hooker at Goshen, Conn.; was licensed in 1806; began to preach in 1807 at South Britain, where he was ordained in 1808; became president of Dartmouth College in 1822; succeeded Dr. Payson as pastor of Second Congregational Church, Portland, Me., in 1828; was elected president of the Theological Institute of Connecticut, now Hartford Theological Seminary, in 1833 and inagurated May 13, 1834, when the corner-stone of the new edifice was laid in East Windsor, Conn.; resigned this position July 16, 1857, and died suddenly at the house of his daughter. In