41 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Turkey Turner
secution; but this church has during the past few years been distracted by dissensions, growing out of an effort, on the part of Rome, to Latinize it. Several thousand families have gone back to the old Armenian church.
Among the Arabic-speaking races, the Roman Catholics have won over many of the Jacobites, control the Maronites of Syria, have some influence among the Greeks and Copts, and of course maintain establishments in Tripoli and Tunis. In addition to the native Roman Catholics, there is all through the empire a large foreign population, which is generally Roman Catholic and contributes to the support of the missions. In fact, much of the influence of this faith in Turkey has always come from the diplomatic, consular, and commercial establishments maintained here by Roman Catholic countries. The native Christians have always been taught to feel, that, in becoming Roman Catholics, they became in some sense Europeans, and shared in some degree the honor and immunities of foreigners. In addition to these social and political advantages afforded to converts, the Roman Catholic missions have founded churches, schools, hospitals, and orphanages, monasteries, convents, and seminaries. Their schools have always been of a low order; but they have taught the French language, and such accomplishments as took the fancy of the people. Until the establishment of Protestant missions, they were, no doubt, the best schools in the country. Of late years, whatever progress has been made has been due chiefly to the work of the Sisters of Charity in hospitals, orphanages, schools, and house-to-house visitation. They are to be found everywhere; and, although generally ignorant and bigoted, they are indefatigable workers, well trained to obedience, self-sacrificing, and wholly devoted to these works of Christian charity.
The number of Roman Catholic missionaries in the empire, native and foreign, male and female, including the ecclesiastics of the native Roman Catholic churches, can not be less than 3,000. There is no means of estimating the annual expenditure, but the Roman Catholic missions have certainly been more successful than the Protestant in “ living on the country.” They depend much less, in proportion to their numbers, upon foreign aid.
It is not easy for a Protestant to form an estimate of the success of Roman Catholic missions. They have no doubt planted the church so firmly in this empire that it can stand by itself without foreign aid; but they have done nothing toward converting the Mohammedans, and have made no progress in winning over the oriental churches to a union with Rome. They have not essentially weakened these churches, nor have they made converts enough to enter into any rivalry with them.
GEORGE WASHBURN. BrstiocrapHy: Besides the literature under ARMENIA;
Syria; and Syrian Cuurcu, consult on the history and
life: J. W. Zinkeisen, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches
in Europa, 7 vols., Hamburg, 1840-63; J. L. Farley,
Modern Turkey, London, 1872; idem, Turks and Chris-
tians, ib. 1876; J. Baker, Turkey in Europe, ib. 1877;
T. Milner, The Turkish Empire; Sultan, Territory and
People, ib. 1877; E. L. Clark, The Races of European
Turkey, Edinburgh, 1878; idem, Turkey, New York, 1883; E. J. Davies, Life in Asiatic Turkey, London, 1879; J.
Creagh, Armenians, Koords, and Turks, 2 vols., ib. 1880;
H. F. Tozer, Turkish Armenia and Eastern Asia Minor, ib.
1881; J. M. N. Brodhead, Slav and Moslem, Historical
Sketches, Aiken, 1894; 8. L. Poole, The Mohammedan
Dynasties, Westminster, 1894; R. Davey, The Sultan and
his Subjects, New York, 1897; Mrs. W. M. Ramsay, Hvery-
day Life in Turkey, London, 1903; L. M. Garnett, Turkish Life in Town and Country, London and New York,
1904; idem, T'urkey of the Ottomans, ib. 1911; M. Sykes,
Dar-ul-Islam: a Record of a Journey through ten of the Asiatic
Provinces of Turkey, New York, 1904; W. S. Monroe,
Turkey and the Turks. An Account of the Lands, Peoples
and Institutions of the Ottoman Empire, Boston, 1907,
London, 1908; G. F. Abbot, Turkey in Transition, New
York, 1909; L. Collas, Histoire de l’empire ottoman jusqu’&
la révolution de 1909, Paris, 1910. And on missions and
churches: The Star in the East; Quarterly Record of the
Progress of Christian Missions within the Turkish Empire,
London, 1883; Hilaire, La France catholique en orient
durant les trois derniers siécles, Paris, 1902; E. von Miili-
nen, Die lateinische Kirche im tiirkischen Reiche, 2d ed.,
Berlin, 1903; W. A. Essery, The Ascending Cross. Some
Results of Missions in Bible Lands, London, 1905; J. E.
H., One Hundred Syrian Pictures, Illustrating the Work of
the Syrian Mission, ib. 1903; C. Lagier, Byzance et Stam-
boul: nos droits francais et nos missions en orient, Paris,
1905; N. Jorga, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, 3
vols., Gotha, 1907-10; J. L. Barton, Daybreak in Turkey,
Boston, 1909.
TURLUPINS: A medieval sect akin to the Beghards (q.v.), like whom they called themselves “‘ the fellowship of poverty.”’ The origin and meaning of the derisive epithet “ Turlupins ”’ are obscure. They seem to have been especially numerous in Paris and the province of Isle-de-France during the reign of Charles V. (1364-80), while in 1460-65 they were in the vicinity of Lille. According to their tenets, which are known only from their opponents, ‘‘ inward prayer ’”’ was the sole religious duty. They carried their endeavor to imitate apostolic poveny to such an extreme that they went almost naked. In their gatherings, which were secret, they are said to have laid aside all their garments to symbolize paradise, and it is also said that they held that those who had reached a certain stage of perfection could no longer sin, and might indulge sensual impulses without hesitation. The Inquisition proceded unsparingly against the Turlupins, and Gregory XI. praised the king for his zeal against them, but they did not entirely disappear from France until the second half of the fifteenth century.
(EucEN LAacHENMANN.) BistioGRAPHY: J. Gerson, Opera, ed. Du Pin, Antwerp,
1706; J. Hermant, Hist. des hérésies, iv. 374, Rouen, 1726;
P. Fredericq, Corpus documentorum inqutsitionis .. .
Neerlandice, i. 409-412, The Hague, 1889; H.C. Lea, His-
tory of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, ii. 126, 158, New
York, 1906; KL, xii. 147-148.
TURNER, ARTHUR BERESFORD: Church of England bishop of Korea; b. at Farley (4 m. e. of Salisbury), Wiltshire, Aug. 24, 1862. He was educated at Keble College, Oxford (B.A., 1885), and was ordained to the priesthood in 1888. After being curate of Watlington, Oxfordshire (1887-89), Downton, Salisbury (1889-92), and St. Nicholas Cathedral, Newcastle-on-Tyne (1892-96), he was a missionary in Korea (q.v.) from 1896 till 1905, when he was consecrated bishop of that country.
TURNER, FRANCIS: Church of England bishop; b. probably at Fecham, Surrey, ¢. 1638; d. in London Nov. 2, 1700. He was educated at Winchester and at New College, Oxford (B.A., 1659; M.A,
Turner |. Turrettini
1663; B.D. and D.D., 1669); became rector of Therfield, Hertfordshire, 1664; fellow of St. J ohn’s College, Cambridge, 1666; prebend for Sneating at St. Paul’s, London, 1669; master of St. John’s College, Cambridge, 1670, and vice-chancellor, 1678; rector of Great Hasely, Oxfordshire, 1683; dean of Windsor and bishop of Rochester, 1683; was translated to Ely, 1684; preached the sermon at the coronation of James II., Apr. 23, 1685; joined in the protest of the seven bishops against the king’s declaration for liberty of conscience, 1688; refused the oath of allegiance to William and Mary and was suspended, 1689, and deprived, 1690; was arrested but discharged, 1696. He was a controversialist, and evoked a sharp retort from Andrew Marvell. Besides letters and occasional sermons, he wrote Brief Memoirs of Nicholas Ferrar (2d ed., London, 1837).
Brpriograpuy: A. 4 Wood, Athene Ozxonienses, ed. P. Bliss,
iv. 545, 619, and Fasti, vol. ii. passim, London, 1813-20;
T. Lathbury, Hist. of the Nonjurors, ib. 1862; W. H. Hut-
ton, The English Church (1626-1714), pp. 228, 240, ib.
1903; DNB, lvii. 336-337.
TURNER, HENRY McNEAL: African Methodist Episcopal bishop; b. at Newberry Court House, S. C., Feb. 1, 1834. In his boyhood he lived in the cotton fields of his native state and learned to read and write by his own exertions, while as a servant in the Abbeville Court House, and later in a medical college at Baltimore, he widened his knowledge. In 1853 he was licensed as a preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church South and traveled extensively in the southern states. In 1858 he became a member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and soon joined the Missouri conference, in which he became an itinerant minister. In the fall of the same year he was transferred to the Baltimore Conference, where he remained four years, during which he completed his education at Trinity College. In 1862-63 he was pastor of Israel Church, Washington, D. C., and during the Civil War was chaplain of the First Regiment of United States Colored Troops. At the close of the war, he was commissioned chaplain in the regular army and was detailed to the Freedmen’s Bureau in Georgia. He returned to the ministry in 1866 and was active also in educational and political affairs. He was elected a member of the Georgia constitutional convention in 1867 and in the following year entered the legislature of the same state, where he remained two terms (1868-72). He was then appointed successively postmaster of Macon, Ga., in 1870, inspector of customs in 1874, and United States secret detective in 1875. In 1876 the general conference of his denomination elected him general manager of its publications, with his residence at Philadelphia, and in 1880 he was chosen bishop. He is an ardent advocate of the return of the negroes to Africa, where he holds that they should build up a nation of their own, and he has organized four annual conferences in Africa at Sierra Leone, Liberia, Transvaal, and South Africa. He has written African Methodist Episcopal Hymnal (Philadelphia, 1876); African Methodist Episcopal Catechism (1877); and Methodist Polity (1889).
TURNER, SAMUEL HULBEART: Protestant Episcopal; b. in Philadelphia Jan. 23, 1790; d. in