59 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Ulfilas Ulrich of Wuerttemberg
church of the day. The change of rulers in Baden in 1852 increased the prospects of actual reform, and when, in the following year, the Evangelical prelature became vacant, it was but natural that Ullmann should be called to fill it. In 1853, accordingly, Ullmann became prelate, or the representative of the Evangelical church in the upper chamber. His actual administrative power, however, was but slight, and his activity was hampered, rather than aided, when he was appointed director in 1856. The chief exertions of the new prelate were directed to the execution of the reforms proposed in the Durlach conferences, and, accordingly, in 1855 the general synod was convened for the first time since 1843. Its subjects for consideration were a new formulation of the confessional status, a new national catechism, a new liturgy, and a new Biblical history. The catechism, prepared by Ullmann himself from Luther’s smaller catechism and that of Heidelberg, found wide favor, so that, within a few years, it was adopted as the union catechism, with slight modifications, in the Rheno-Prussian Church. The new Biblical history was also adopted, as well as the liturgy, and even the new creed, though much debated, was finally accepted. From attacks, urgent and persistent, caused by these measures, Ullmann was, by his position, protected for a time and against involuntary retirement; and he determined to remain at his post as long as he honorably could. At last, however, in 1861, after continued lack of sympathy with his views, he requested leave to resign. Consent was reluctantly given, and Ullmann retired from active life. In the long struggle his health had been seriously impaired, and his eager hopes for a resumption of literary work were frustrated. Henceforth until his death the major portion of his time and strength was devoted to the Theologische Studien und Kritiken. During these last years he prepared a memoir of his church administration, but the work was never completed. His principal writings are collected in Perthes’ Theologische Bibliothek (5 vols., Gotha, 1863-67). (W. BryscHuaGf.)
BretiocRAPHy: W. Beyschlag, Karl Ullmann, eine biographische Skizze, Gotha, 1866; A. Hausrath, Kleine Schriften religionsgeschichtliches Inhalts, pp. 438-460, Leipsic, 1883; G. Frank, Die Theologie des 19. Jahrhunderts, p. 270, ib. 1904.
ULRICH, il/rin, SAINT: Bishop of Augsburg; b. at Augsburg 890; d. there July 4, 973. He was of noble birth and received his education at the monastery of St. Gall, returning to his native city a short time before the death of Adalbero of Augsburg (Apr. 28, 909). There the bishop appointed him chamberlain, but on the death of his patron Ulrich left Augsburg. When Hiltin died, however, Ulrich was consecrated bishop of Augsburg in his stead (Dec. 28, 923). Asa spiritual lord he fortified his see city, and remained loyal to Henry I. and Otto I. In 955, when the Magyars ravaged the land, Ulrich succeeded in holding Augsburg against them until Otto could arrive with his army, and by his victory on the Lechfeld (Aug. 10, 955) annihilate the Magyar peril forever. He was now able to repair the ravages of war in his domains and to es-
tablish civil and religious order among his people. His bounty was equaled only by thé devoutness of his private life and by the magnificence of his liturgy, while his desire to obtain relics led him on long journeys, from which he brought back to Augsburg dubious remains of the soldiers of the Theban Legion (q.v.) from St. Maurice in Valais and the head of St. Abundus from Rome. He thrice made pilgrimage to Rome (910, 954, 971) and showed much favor to monasticism, restoring monasteries and founding the nunnery of St. Stephen in Augsburg.
The grave of Ulrich gained a reputation as the scene of miracles, and his constant companion in his later years, Gerhard, composed a Vita Sancti Oudalrict (ed. Waitz, in MGH, Script., iv., 1841, 377-425) to which he was already able to add many signs and wonders. This biography was taken to Rome by Bishop Liutulf of Augsburg when he went there to gain for his predecessor the reverence of all Christendom; and in Feb., 993, John XY. issued a bull to the bishops and abbots of Gaul and Germany canonizing Ulrich.
The name of Ulrich is attached to a short polemic against celibacy entitled Rescriptio beatt Udelrici epistole in qua pape Nicolao de continentia clericorum non juste sed impie, non canonice sed indiscrete tractantt ita respondit. This pseudonymous composition was condemned by Gregory VII. in 1079, and seems to have been occasioned by the requirement of celibacy by the Roman synod of 1074. The use of the name Ulrich was certainly intended to imply the bishop of Augsburg, though between 1059 (when the third canon of the Lateran Synod dis-
‘cussed the problem of the celibacy of the clergy)
and 1074 there were three Italian bishops named Ulrich: Ulrich of Imola, of Benevento, and of Fermo. To Ulrich of Augsburg is also ascribed a Sermo synodalis parochianis presbyteris in synodis enuntiandus (cf. MPL, exxxv. 1069). This sermon is, however, merely a slight revision of the common Commonitorium cujusque episcopt. (A. Hauck.) BrptioGRapHy: The sources: Vita by the monk Berno; other Vite, miracula, offictum, translatio, etc., are to be found in ASM, v. 419-476; ASB, July, iv. 73-135; MGH, Script., iv (1841), 375-428; MPL, exxxv. 1001-09, 1059-— 1080, exlii. 1183-1204. Consult: P. Braun, Geschichte von dem Leben und den Wunderwerken des .. . hetiligen Ulrichs, Augsburg, 1796; T. Nelk, Lebensgeschichte des heiligen Bischofs Ulrich, Augsburg, 1831; O. Rommel, in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, iv. 121-158, Géttingen, 1864; K. Raffler, Der heilige Ulrich Bischof von Augsburg, 2d ed., Munich, 1870; J. Koch, Geschichte und Cult des heiligen Ulrich, Bischofs von Augsburg, Halle, 1875; J. N. Stiitzle, Leben des heiligen Ulrich, 2d ed., Augsburg, 1880; B. Meyr, S. Ulrich und Afra; 222 Daten aus der Geschichte thres Lebens und threr Kirche, ib. 1888; C. Bruckner, Studien zur Geschichte der sichsischen Kaiser, Basel, 1889.
ULRICH VON HUTTEN. See Hurtren, ULRIcH VON.
ULRICH OF WUERTTEMBERG. See BLavRER, AMBROSIUS; BRENZ, JOHANN; CHRISTOPHER, DUKE or WUERTTEMBERG; GRETER, KASPAR; GQRYNZUS, Stmon; Marsurc, CONFERENCE OF; PEASANTS’ War, II, § 1; Scuneprr, ERHARD; TovussAIN, PIERRE}; WUERTTEMBERG. 3
Ultramontanism