THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 68
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(2) The Wittenberg Concord (see WITTENBERG, Concorp oF), 1536, really Lutheran, but accepted with explanations by the Swiss; soon rendered abortive through the same cause. (3) The Thirteen Articles, 1538, adopted by a conference of Anglican and Lutheran theologians in England but nullified in the following year by the reactionary Six Articles of Henry VIII. (see Srx Articies, AcT OF THE). (4) The Conference of Regensburg, 1541 (see RE- GENSBURG, CONFERENCE OF), agreeing that salvation is through the merits of Christ, but blocked by Luther’s refusal to compromise, and rejected by the Diet of Regensburg in 1546. (5) The Interims of Augsburg and Leipsic in 1548 (see Ivreri), Charles V. making concessions to the Protestants in the former, and Melanchthon conceding much Roman Catholic ritual, polity, and doctrine as adiaphora in the latter; but neither was adopted, and from the Leipsic Interim developed the adiaphoristic and synergistic controversies (1550-55, 1550-70; see ADIAPHORA, AND THE ADIAPHORISTIC CONTRO- VERSIES; SYNERGISM). (6) The Philippist movement (see Puruippists) to unite Lutherans and Calvinists, resulting in the crypto-Calvinistic controversy (1552-74) and leading to the crystallization of Lutheranism in the Formula of Concord (q.v.) of 1577. (7) Negotiations with the Hast were undertaken in 1575 by certain Protestant theologians of Tiibingen, who approached Jeremiah II. (q.v.), patriarch of Constantinople; but both sides were soon convinced that the doctrinal and ecclesiastical cleavage between the two bodies was too great to permit union. Cyril Lucar (q.v.), patriarch successively of Alexandria and Constantinople, came in touch with Reformed theologians in 1612, and drew up a confession in the interests of closer relations, which was published in 1629; but the only effect was to bring persecution upon him, and an orthodox creed of Petrus Mogilas (q.v.) of Kief, adopted by all Eastern patriarchs in 1643, accentuated the failure of Cyril’s efforts. (8) Georg Calixtus (q.v.), professor at Helmstidt after 1614, founded a Lutheran school which minimized the divergences of Lutheranism from papal doctrine, and advocated union on a basis of return to the symbols and conciliar decisions of the first five centuries. An abortive conference held at Thorn in 1645, arranged by Wladislaus, king of Poland (see THorn, ConFERENCE oF), produced the syncretistic controversies (see SYNCRETISM) between the Calixtines and the conservative Lutherans. Secret travels of Cristoval Rojas de Spinola (q.v-), who sought to win Lutherans to the papal obedience (1676), were followed by negotiations for union (1691-94), in which Gerhard Mo- Janus and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (qq.v.) represented the Protestants, and Spinola and Jacques Be since fhepo ren soruct (q.v.) the Roman Sixteenth ) Ue further correspond- Century. ©ce occurred between Bossuet and Leibnitz (1699-1701) but without result. (9) A correspond aes wees pondence between Archbishop William Wake (q.v.) of Canterbur d i Gallican theologi Fi FOBne Carat G gians (from 1716) was prompted by a desire of the Gallicans to enlist the support of the English Church, through its return to the Roman
obedience, in their defense of national liberties; but Wake refused to entertain the idea of such return. (10) The English non-jurors’ negotiations with the East (1716-25), given with some fulness in T.. Lathbury’s History of the Non-Jurors, London, 1862, ch. viii., came to no result; but the correspondence throws light on the conditions to be reckoned with in negotiations with Eastern Churches. (11) The Evangelical United Church of Prussia was constituted in 1817 by Frederick William III. through union of the Lutherans and Calvinists in one state Church (see Unton, EccimstasticaL), but the union was only partially successful, and an old Lutheran reaction occurred, the dissidents in time obtaining recognition. (12) In America the Presbyterians, after suffering some disintegration, have achieved partial reunions. The Old School and New School Presbyterians were united in 1869, and the Presbyterian Church in the U.S. A. united with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in 1906. The Council of Reformed Churches in the U. 8. holding the Presbyterian System was constituted in 1907, while the Canadian Presbyterians were united in 1875 into the Presbyterian Church in Canada (see PREsByY- TERIANS, VIII., 3a, § 4, 12, § 3). A union of Methodists in Canada in 1874 and 1883 constituted the Methodist Church of Canada (see Mernonists, IV., 10, § 3), and a large proportion of the Lutherans in the United States are more or less closely affiliated with a General Council (see Lururerans, III., § 8). (18) The Bonn Reunion Conferences, held in 1874 and 1875, were attended by theologians of the Old Catholic Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran, and Reformed communions, and several propositions were agreed to, especially with regard to the Filioque controversy. (14) The Pan-Anglican Movement for unity, initiated by the American House of Bishops in 1886, will be considered in the next part of this article. It may also be well to refer to several movements which, although not reunion movements in the strict sense of the phrase, throw light upon the problem. The Uniate Movements (see Roman Caruo.ics, II.) represent various submissions of Eastern Christians to the papal see, the Uniates being given certain concessions, including marriage of the clergy. Members of various Protestant communions have formed alliances and federations, which leave these communions in possession of their denominational independence. They are not church unions, but are designed to reduce the evil effects of disunion, and to secure interdenominational cooperation on certain lines. Notable examples are the Evangelical Alliance (q.v.), founded in 1845, the Alliance of the Reformed Churches throughout the world holding the Presbyterian System, founded in 1875 (see Ax- LIANCE OF THE REFORMED CHURCHES), and the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, organized in 1906, and including members of thirty-four denominations. [A movement for the union of Canadian Methodists, Presbyterians, and Congregationalists is at present in an advanced stage of progress. Mention should also be made of the efforts of Old Catholics to secure union with the Anglican and Oriental churches. A. H. N.]