See ADALHARD AND
Walafrid Walch
communes theologici. In the controversy on the proper observance of the Sabbath he wrote Dissertatio de Sabbatho, sive de vero sensu atque usu quart precepti (Leyden, 1628). Thirteen years earlier, he had opposed the views of Uytenbogaert (q.v.) on church government in his Het ampt der kerckendienaren, midtsgaders de authoriteyt ende opsicht, die een hooghe christelicke overheydt daer over toecompt (Middelburg, 1615). Walsus rendered valuable service also to Christian ethics by his Compendium ethice Aristotelice ad normam veritatis Christiane revocatum (Leyden, 1627). He did much for missions in the East Indies by opening, as early as 1622, a seminary in his house to train preachers. His name is still perpetuated by the ‘‘ Waleus Seminary ” in Leyden. His collected works were published after his death (2 vols., Leyden, 1647). (S. D. van VEEN.)
BrsiiograpHy: G. Bates, Vite selectorum aliquot virorum,
London, 1681; C. Sepp, Het godgeleerd Onderwijs in Neder-
land gedurende de 16. en 17. Heuw, Leyden, 1873-74; J. A.
Grothe, in Berichte van de Utrechtsche Zendingsvereenigung,
vol. xxiii., Utrecht, 1882; J. D. de Lind van Wijngaarden,
Antonius Waleus, Leyden, 1891.
WALAEFRID, vda‘la-frid (WALAFRIED, WAL- AHFRID), STRABO: Theologian of the first half of the ninth century; b. in Swabia about 808; d. at Reichenau, an island in Lake Constance, Aug. 18, 849. He was at an early age admitted to the monastery of Reichenau, where he made great progress in his studies; later (826-829) he studied under Rabanus Maurus (q.v.), at Fulda; thence he went to the court of Louis le Débonnaire, becoming chaplain to the Empress Judith and tutor to her son Charles (the Bald). As a partizan of Lothair he received the abbey of Reichenau in 838, but was soon obliged to leave it; he was, however, reinstated in 842.
Walafrid’s poems entitle him to rank as one of the classical writers of the Carolingian period. They include epigrams, eulogies, hymns, and two long poems on saints; the larger poem, written when Walafrid was eighteen years of age, describes a vision of the monk Wettin at Reichenau in 824, and is the earliest instance of versified ‘‘ visions,’’ which later became so popular. While at court Walafrid wrote De imagine Tetrici, inspired by the equestrian statue of Theodoric the Great before the palace at Aachen. His epistles, in hexameters or distichs, to princes and prelates are also of interest. His Liber de cultura hortorum is a poetical description of the cloister garden. Walafrid revised the biographies of the St. Gall abbots Gallus and Othmar. Special consideration is due to his De exordiis et incrementis rerum ecclesiasticarum (written 840-842, printed in Hettorp’s Scriptores, Cologne, 1568), a compendium of Christian archeology in thirty-two books, still interesting because of its occasional addition of vernacular terms for the objects discussed. He took a middle course between superstitious iconolatry and Greek iconoclasm; his eucharistic doctrine was evidently not the transubstantiation of Paschasius Radbertus (q.v.), his famous contemporary. His chief renown was won by the great exegetic compilation in which he had the major part, the Glossa ordinaria. This, for nearly five centuries, served as the main source of Biblical science for the West, and was reissued again and again, usually with the work of Lyra, until the
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 238
seventeenth century. In the oldest edition (4 vols.,
n.p., n.d.) the Latin text of the Bible is surrounded .
by the glosses, a rich collection of citations from the Church Fathers elucidating the text. Between the lines of the text are brief scholia, written by Anselm of Laon in the twelfth century. Walafrid’s own glosses are, in general, apt and scholarly. They include explanations of the names and problems which occasion them, tHough the majority are devoted to mystical-allegorical exegesis; several glosses, even from the same author, may be given on a single passage. The names of many of the authors cited are given, the most frequent being Jerome, Gregory, Isidore of Seville, and Bede; Ambrose and Chrysostom are quoted more sparingly. Other names predominate in individual books; as Cassiodorus in the Psalms,. Origen in Numbers, and “ Hsicius ”’ (Hesychius) in Leviticus. Many glosses appear without the author’s name. These, it has been suggested, were written by Walafrid himself, since his name (“Strabo’’) is frequently appended to glosses, especially in the first part of the work; these anonymous glosses have also been ascribed to his teacher Rabanus Maurus. (A. Hauck.)
BistiograPruy: Walafrid’s Carmina, ed. E. Diimmler with
commentary, etc., are in MGH, Poet. Lat. evi Carol., li
(1884), 259-473; and the Opera are in MPL, exiii. and
exiv. Consult: Histoire littéraire de la France, v. 59-76;
J.C. F. Bahr, Geschichte der rimischen Literatur im karol-
ingischen Zeitalter, pp. 100-105, 217-219, 398-401, Carls-
ruhe, 1840; C. P. Bock, Die Reiterstatue des Ostgothen-
kénigs Theodorich . . . zu Aachen, pp. 1-160, Bonn, 1844;
J. Konig, in Freiburger Didcesan-Archiv-Organ .. . der
Erzdiécese Freiburg, iii (1868), 317-464; A. Ebert, All-
gemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, ii. 145—
166, Leipsic, 1800; idem, in the Sitzungsberichte of the
Saxon Academy, 1878, pp. 100 sqq.; NA, iv (1879), 270
saq., xxi (1895), 301 sqq. (by Diimmler), x (1885), 166—
169 (by J. Hiimer), xxii (1896), 755, xxviii (1903), 507
(by P. von Winterfeld), xxvi (1901), 745 (by M. Mani-
tius); J. von Schlosser in the Sitzwngsberichte of the Vienna
Academy, cxxiii (1891), 167-175; Hauck, KD, ii. 654
sqq.; Ceillier, A uteurs sacrés, xii. 410-417; Schaff, Christian
Church, iv. 729-733; KL, xii. 1177-80.
WALCH, valu: A family of German theologians of the eighteenth century.
1. Johann Georg Walch: b. at Jena June 17, 1693; d. there Jan. 13, 1775; was educated.at the University of Leipsic (1710-13), and at first devoted himself chiefly to classical studies. In 1718 he was appointed associate professor at Jena for philosophy and antiquities, becoming full professor of oratory in 1719, and professor of poetry in 1721. He took part in the philosophic movements ‘of the time, writing his Gedanken vom philosophischen Naturell (1723), and aiding his father-in-law, Buddeus (q.v.) to attack the philosophy of Christian Wolf. In his Philosophisches Lexikon (1726) the dawning of rationalism may be discerned, and his acceptance of “ natural theology,” though with adherence to Lutheran doctrines, is also evident in his Hinlettung in die Philosophie (Latin ed., 1738) and Observationes in Novi Testamenti libros, quarum prima pars ea continet loca que ex historia philosophie illustrantur (1727).
In 1724 Walch became associate professor of theology, full professor in 1728, senior professor in 1750, and in 1754 ecclesiastical councilor for Saxe- Weimar. He wrote extensively on theology. First editing a compend of Buddeus’ Institutiones dog-