THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
tianorum (Jena, 1746); Historia canonisationis Caroli Magni (1750); Wahrhaftige Geschichte der seligen Frau Katharina von Bora . . . wider Eusebii Engelhards Morgenstern zu Wittenberg (2 parts, Halle, 1751-54); Historia Adoptianorum (Géttmgen, 1755); Historia Protopaschitarum (1760); De symboli Athanasiani particulis quibus necessitas fidei catholice commendatur (1774); and Pseudoparakleton historia (1781). (G. KawERAUv.) Brsyiograpay: On 1: A Jubelgedichtnis dedicated to him was published Jena, 1768. Consult: J. E. I. Walch, Leben und Charakter des . . . Johann Georg Waich, Jena, 1777; J. G. Meusel, Lexikon verstorbener . . . Schriftsteller, xiv. 360 sqq., Leipsie, 1815; J. M. H. Déring, Die gelehrten Theologen Deutschlands, iv. 630 sqq., Neustadt, 1835; G. Frank, Die jenaische Theologie in threr geschachtlichen Entwickelung, pp. 71 sqq., Leipsic, 1858; ADB, xl. 650 sqq.; KU, xii. 1182-83. On 2: ADB, xl. 652 saq. On 3: G. Less, Dem Andenken des . . . C. W. F. Watch, Gottingen, 1784; J. N. Piitter, Versuch einer akademischen Gelehrtengeschichte der Universitit, Gottingen, i. 121 sqq., il. 28 sqq., Gottingen, !1765; F.C. Baur, Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtsschreibung, pp. 145 sqq., Tiibingen, 1852; ADB, xl. 646 sqq.; KL, xii. 1183-85.
WALDECK-PYRMONT, val’dec-pir’mont: A principality of the German empire consisting of Waldeck—a small state in North Germany lying between Hesse-Nassau and Wespthalia—and Pyrmont (about thirty miles to the north), surrounded by Hanover, Lippe, and Brunswick; area 433 square miles, population (1905) 59,127, of whom 56,341 are Evangelical Christians, 1,890 are Roman Catholics, 259 are of various denominations, 629 are Jews, and 8 are not placed as to religious belief. No conversions to Roman Catholicism are reported, but three have joined churches other than the national church. The Old Lutherans, numbering about 520, have several congregations but only two ministers in the principality, and the relations with the state church are friendly. The total number of communicants is 40,984. In type of theology the principality is conservative, holding fast to the old ideals. Philanthropy flourishes in the form of the Sophienheim at Helsen, and a hospital and deaconess’ home at Arolsen, the gifts of the late Princess Helene. Religious influence is marked also in connection with education, Luther’s Catechism being used.
The church order of the Lutheran type dates from 1556, undergoing revision in 1640 and 1731, and the Reformed religion has never been strong, even the rationalistic movement having little real influence here. Consistorial direction partakes a little of the Episcopal type. Changes were made in 1873 which brought the administration into line with the German states, progressive changes have been made since, and further advance is under discussion. The consistory is in two parts, each consisting of a layman and two clergymen, and there are four superintendents. The synod has sixteen members, two elected by the district synods, and two appointed by the prince, and meets every three years. The district synods meet yearly, and are composed of equal numbers of clergy and laity. The sanction of the prince is required for legal measures.
Under the influence of rationalism the old church
order of service went to pieces. A liturgy was introduced in 1888, but has not met general acceptance. It is hoped that the present confusion will be ended and uniformity brought about by use of the treasures of the past. ; (VicToR SCHULTZE.)
BrstiocRApHy: lL. Ourtze, Geschichte der evangelischen
Kirchenverfassung in dem Fiirstentume Waldeck, Arolsen,
1850; idem, Die kirchliche Gesetzgebung des Fiirsteniwms
Waldeck, ib. 1851; E. Friedberg, Die geltenden Verfassungs-
gesetze der evangelischen deutschen Landeskirchen, pp. 828
sqq., Freiburg, 1885; I. Freiensen, Staat und katholische
Kirche in den deutschen Bundesstaaten, Stuttgart, 1901;
V. Schultze, Waldeckische Reformationsgeschichte, Leip-
sic, 1903.
WALDEN, JOHN MORGAN: Methodist Epis-. copal bishop; b. at Lebanon, O., Feb. 11, 1831. He was educated at Farmers’ (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, O. (A.B., 1852); was principal of the preparatory department of the same institution (1852-54), and was engaged in editorial work until 1858. Prominent in his advocacy of temperance reform as early as 1847, he was also bitterly opposed to slavery, and in 1857 founded at Quindare, Kan., a paper to promote free state principles, while in the same year he was a member of the Topeka (Kan.) legislature, and in 1858 was elected to the Leavenworth Constitutional Convention. Returning to Ohio in 1858, he entered the Methodist Episcopal ministry, and held pastorates in the Cincinnati conference until 1864, while from 1862 to 1866 he was corresponding secretary of the Western Freedmen’s Aid Committee, in which capacity he took an active part in sending teachers to the freedmen in the Mississippi Valley. In 1866-67 he was corresponding secretary of the Freedmen’s Aid Society of his denomination, of which he has since been president, and from 1868 to 1884, after being presiding elder of the East Cincinnati district in 1867-68, was agent of the Western Methodist Book Concern, Cincinnati. In 1884 he was elected bishop, and in this capacity has visited the churches and missions of his denomiieee throughout the United States, Europe, and
sia.
WALDEN, ROGER: Archbishop of Canterbury; b. some time before the middle of the fourteenth century; d. at Much Hadham (7 m. n.e. of Hertford), Hertfordshire, Jan. 6, 1406. Of his early life and training nothing is known, but in 1371 he was incumbent of St. Heliers, Jersey, and was later rector of Fenny Drayton, Leicestershire, and Burton in Kendale, Westmorelandshire. In 1387-95 he was archdeacon of Winchester, but his talents were preeminently secular, and he held also a number of political appointments. He was later secretary to Richard II., in 1895 became treasurer of England and dean of York, and in 1397 was appointed by the pope to the archbishopric of Canterbury, succeeding the banished Thomas Arundel (q.v.). On Arundel’s return the pope quashed his appointment, and for a time Walden was confined in the Tower on a charge of conspiracy against Henry IV. He was soon released, however, and in 1405 was formally consecrated archbishop, but lived to enjoy this honor only a few months.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: DNB, lix. 24-26,
_
. Early History. Waldo and the Poor Men (§ 1). The Lombard Humiliati (§ 2). Repression (§ 3). Lombard Secession (§ 4).
II. Ideal, Method, and Government of
the Poor Men. Character and Rule (§ 1). Preaching and Scripture (§ 2). Missions; Government (§ 3). IIT. The Ancient Waldenses.
IV. The Lombard-German Branch be-