Westminster Standards Westphalia, Peace of
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
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Catechism of the Westminster Assembly and its Puritan Precursors; Rutherford’s and other Scottish Catechisms of the Same Epoch, with Historical Introduction and Biographical Notices, London, 1886; A. T. Innes, The Law of Creeds in Scotland, ib. 1867; D. Masson, The Life of John Milton: Narrated in Connection with the Political, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of his Times, vol. ii (1871), Bks. III.—-IV., vol. iii (1873), Bks. I.-III., 6 vols., ib. 1859-80; T. M’Crie, Annals of English Presbytery from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, ib. 1872; J. B. Bittinger, The Reformation of Our Standards, in the Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review, July, 1876, pp. 387 sqq.; W. M. Hetherington, History of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, 4th ed., Edinburgh, 1878; C. A. Briggs, Documentary History of the Westminster Assembly, in Presbyterian Review, 1880, pp. 127-164; T. Leishman in R. H. Story, The Church of Scotland, Past and Present, v. 307-426, London, 1890-91; idem, The Westminster Directory with an Introduction and Notes, ib. 1901; C. G. McCrie, The Public Worship of Presbyterian Scotland, § 4, 170-240, ib. 1892; idem, The Confessions of the Church of Scotland: their Evolution in History, Edinburgh, 1907; W. Carruthers, The Shorter Catechism of the Westminster Divines ... with Historical Account and Bibliography, London, 1897; J. H. Overton, The Church in England, ii. 107-110, ib. 1897; W. H. Roberts, Westminster Standards and the Formation of the American Republic, Philadelphia, 1898; W. Lloyd, The Story of Protestant Dissent and English Presbyterians, London, 1899; W. A. Shaw, A History of the English Church during the Civil Wars and under the Commonwealth, 2 vols., ib. 1900; F. Procter and W. H. Frere, A New History of the Book of Common Prayer, chap. vi., 158-162, ib. 1901; B. B. Warfield, in The Presbyterian and Reformed Review, 1901 (Apr., Oct.), 1902 (Jan., Apr., July, Oct.); W. Beveridge, A Short History of the Westminster Assembly, Edinburgh, 1904; P. Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, i. 701-816 (the editions and translations of the Confession are noted pp. 753-754), ii. 598-704 (text of Confession and Shorter Catechism).
For exposition or doctrinal discussion consult: W. Parker, The Late Assembly of Divines’ Confession of Faith Examined ... Wherein many of their Excesses and Defects, of their Confusions and Disorders, of their Errors and Contradictions, are presented, London, 1651; D. Dickson, Truth’s Victory over Error; or, an Abridgment of the Chief Controversies in Religion, etc., Edinburgh, 1684, Glasgow, 1725 (a catechetical exposition of the Westminster Confession); idem, A Brief Sum of Christian Doctrine contained in Holy Scripture, and holden forth in the Confession of Faith and Catechisms of the Westminster Assembly, etc., Edinburgh, 1693. Other notable discussions of the Confession are by R. Shaw, ib. 1845; two by A. A. Hodge, Philadelphia, 1869, New York, 1888; J. Macpherson, Edinburgh, 1881; F. Makower, Verfasswng der Kirche in England, Berlin, 1894; Von Rudloff, in ZHT (1850), 238-296; J. Stark, The Westminster Confession of Faith critically Compared with the Holy Scripture and found Wanting, London, 1863; J. T. Goodsir, The Westminster Confession of Faith Examined on the Basis of the other Protestant Confessions, ib. 1868; W. Marshall, The Principles of the Westminster Standards Persecuting, Edinburgh, 1873; B. B. Warfield, Significance of the Westminster Standards as a Creed, New York, 1898; E. D. Morris, Theology of the Westminster Symbols, Columbus, O., 1901; J. Donaldson, The Westminster Confession of Faith and the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England, London, 1905.
WESTON, HENRY GRIGGS: Baptist; b. at Lynn, Mass., Sept. 11, 1820; d. at Crozer Theological Seminary, Upland, Pa., Feb. 6, 1909. He received his education at Brown University (B.A., 1840), and Newton Theological Institute (1840- 1842); was pastor at Washington and Richland Ill., 1843-46; at Peoria, Ill., 1846-59; and of the Oliver Street Church, New York City, 1859-68; and was president of Crozer Theological Seminary after 1868. He edited The Baptist Quarterly, 1869- 1877, and wrote Outline of Systematic Theology; and of Ecclesiology (Philadelphia, 1895; in collaboration
with E. H. Johnson); and Matthew: Genesis of the New Testament (New York, 1900).
WESTON, JOHN BURNS: Christian; b. at Madison, Me., July 6, 1821. He was educated at Antioch College, Yellow Springs, O. (A.B., 1857), after having entered the ministry of his denomination immediately upon his graduation from Bloomfield Academy, Bloomfield, Me., in 1848. He was pastor in West’ Newberry, Mass. (1843-47): in 1847-48 was managing editor of The Herald of Gospel Liberty (then called The Christian Herald); first head of the preparatory department and later professor of Greek in Antioch College (1857-81), of which he was acting president (1862-65); since 1882 he has been president and professor of Biblical literature and theology, psychology, and ethics in Christian Biblical Institute, Stanfordville, N. Y., removed in 1906 to Defiance, O. While at Antioch College, he was also associate editor of The Herald of Gospel Liberty. He has been a member of the Versions Committee of the American Bible Society since 1897. In theology he is in sympathy with general Evangelical liberal theology, and “‘ prefers especially to state views in Biblical rather than creedal or traditionally theological terms.’’ He has written Address on the Life and Character of Horace Mann (New York, 1886) and Principles or Principle —Which? (Dayton, O., 1894).
WESTPHAL, vest/fal, JOACHIM: The name of two Lutheran theologians.
1. Joachim Westphal of Hamburg: Polemical theologian; b. at Hamburg 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; d. there Jan. 16, 1574. He was educated in the school of St. Nicolai in his native city, then in Liineburg, and entered the University of Wittenberg, where he became the pupil of Melanchthon and Luther. In 1532, on the recommendation of Melanchthon, he was appointed teacher at the Johanneum in his native city. In 1534 he returned to the University of Wittenberg, and in the following year removed with the university to Jena. After his return to Wittenberg in 1537 he lectured on philology. In 1541 he became preacher of the church of St. Catharine in Hamburg; then acting superintendent in 1562, and was elected superintendent in 1571.
He is best known for his participation in the theological controversies of his time. He took part in that on the descent into hell, also in the discussion concerning the Leipsic Interim (see Inrrrim) and in that over the Adiaphora (q.v.). More important was that over the Lord’s Supper. In 1552 he published Farrago confusanearum et inter se dissidentium opinionum de cena Domini, ex Sacramentariorum libris congesta, a warning against those who deny the presence of Christ in the Lord’s Supper. He points out to the adherents of Luther the alarming progress which the sacramentarians had made and tries to prove the falsity of their doctrine by its diversity. In 1553 he issued Recta fides de cena Domini, an exegetical discussion of I Cor. xi. and the words of institution; in 1555 Collectanea sententiarum D. Aurelii Augustini de cena Domini and Fides Cyrilli episcopt Alexandrie de presentia corporis et sanguinis