RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Westminster Standards Westphalia, Peace of
Christi. Calvin answered in Jan., 1555, with his Defensio sane et orthodoxe doctrine de sacramentis. Thus there was opened a controversy which involved on the side of the Reformed Lasco, Bullinger, Ochino, Valerandus Polanus, Beza, and Bibliander; on the side of the Lutherans Timann, Paul von Hitzen, Schnepff, E. Alberus, Gallus, Flacius, Judex, Brenz, and Andreé. Westphal replied to Calvin in Adversus cuiusdam sacramentarii falsam criminationem tusta defensio, in qua et eucharistie causa agitur (1555), to which Calvin answered in Secunda defensio pie. et orthodoxe de sacramentis fidet (1556), which was an attempt to draw to his side the Philippists of Saxony and Lower Germany. Other works of Westphal occasioned by this controversy are: Epistola Joachimi Westphali, qua breviter respondet ad convicia J. Calvint (1556); Confessio fidei de eucharistie sacramento, in qua ministri ecclesiarum Saxonie .. . astruunt corporis et sanguinis D. n. J. Christi presentiam in cena sancta, et de libro Calvint tpsis dedicato respondent (Magdeburg, 1557); Justa defensio adversus insignia mendacia J. a Lasco, que in epistola ad Polonie regem contra Saxonicas ecclesias sparsit (1557); Apologetica scripta Johannis Westphali, quibus et sanam doctrinam de eucharistia defendit et fedissimas calumnias sacramentarvorum
diluit (1558); Confutatio aliquot enormium mendaciorum Johannis Calvini (1558); De cena Domini confessio Johannis Westphali (1558); Apologia confessionis de Cena Domini (1558).
2. Joachim Westphal of Eisleben: A contemporary of Joachim Westphal of Hamburg, with whom he is often confused, and belonging also to the Gnesio-Lutheran party. He was ordained preacher at Nausitz near Artern in 1553, then served as diaconus in Sangerhausen and finally as preacher in Gerbstedt in the county of Mansfeld, where he died in 1569. He wrote Faulteufel, wider das Laster des Miuissiggangs (1563); Wider den Hoffahrtsteufel (1565); Willkomm Christi (1568); Geistliche Ehe Christi und seiner Kirche, seiner Braut (1568).
(G. KAWERAU.) BrsuioGRAPHy: Sources are the Briefsammlung, ed. C. H.
W. Sillem, Hamburg, 1903; the letters of Melanchthon
and Calvin in CR, vols. vii.—ix., xliii., cf. the prolegomena
to vol. xxxvii., pp. ix. sqq.; and the Oratio of J. Methodius, Hamburg, 1575. Consult further: J. A. Fabricius,
Memorie Hamburgenses, ii. 931 sqq., ib. 1710; A. Greve,
Memoria J. Westphali, ib. 1749; J. Moller, Cimbria literata,
lili. 641 sqq., 8 vols., Hamburg, 1710-46; K. Ménckeberg,
Joachim Westphal und Johann Calvin, ib. 1865; Kruske,
Johannes a Lasco und der Sakramentsstreit, Leipsic, 1901;
H. Dalton, Miscellaneen, pp. 302 sqq., Berlin, 1905; ADB,
xlii. 198 sqq.
WESTPHALIA, PEACE OF.
The Bohemian Succession (§ 1).
The Counter-Reformation (§ 2).
Gustavus Adolphus; the Peace of Prague (§ 3).
The Peace of Westphalia is the treaty concluded in 1648, in the then Westphalian cities of Minster and Osnabriick, which terminated the Thirty-Years’ War (q.v.). The immediate cause for the war was
the state of religious affairs in Bohemia.
1. The Taking advantage of the discord be- Bohemian tween Emperor Rudolph II. and his Succession. brother Matthias, the Evangelical leaders there had secured from the
former a letter-patent, July 9, 1609, in which they were assured the free exercise of religion according to their submitted confession, and specially the right to build new churches and schools in the royal towns and dominions. After the emperor had been forced to cede the possession of Bohemia to his brother, Matthias solemnly confirmed the liberties of the estates, together with the imperial patent. But the question whether new churches and schools were also lawfully to be erected in the ecclesiastical jurisdictions soon stirred up strife; and when the imperial commissioners decided against the Evangelical party, the anxiety sprang up that the emperor was designing to revoke the patent. An insurrection arose; the imperial counselors, Martinitz and Slawata, were thrown from the window of the castle chamber at Prague (May 23, 1618); and the insurgents organized a national government of their own, expelled the Jesuits, communicated with the Protestant estates in the other Austrian lands, and, aided by the Union, even attacked Austria. This Union was a defensive alliance, formed, in 1608, of the Evangelical estates of Electoral Palatinate, Palatinate-Neuburg, Brandenburg-Ansbach~ and Bayreuth, Wiirttemberg, Baden-Durlach, Electoral
Territorial Awards (§ 4). tior ; Amnesty and Restitution (§ 5). Political Readjustments; Exe-
Grievances and Religious Rela- 10NS
cution (§ 7).
Brandenburg, Hesse-Cassel, Strasburg, Nuremberg, and Ulm. Upon the death of Emperor Matthias (1619), Ferdinand II. became his successor. The Bohemians elected Elector Palatine Frederick V. as their king. To the support of Ferdinand rallied the Holy League of Roman Catholic estates organized by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria in 1609. Under his leadership Frederick was defeated at the battle at Prague Oct. 29 (Noy. 8), 1620, unaided by the Union, which had preferred to maintain peace with its fellow estates; and the greater part of Bohemia and Moravia were won back. After Frederick’s flight and his sentence under the ban (1621), the Palatinate was gradually subdued by the imperial armies. Upon the investiture of Maximilian with the Electorate Palatine (1623), the court of Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick undertook the war in northwestern Germany in behalf of the Palatinate, thus drawing the lower Saxon estates into the conflict. These chose King Christian IV. of Denmark (1625) for their joint commander. He allied himself with England and Holland, but in view of the successful results attending the armies of the League and the empire under Tilly and Wallenstein in 1629, he concluded the treaty of Liibeck with the emperor.
The Counter-Reformation went hand in hand with the military results. Specially from the time of their victory at Lutter (1626), the adherents of the League began to voice their demands for the enforced restitution of the ecclesiastical properties (see RESERVATION, Eccumstasticat), which the Evangelicals had seized, as was alleged, contrary to the religious Peace of Augsburg (q.v.); and this was to be
Westphalia, Peace of