PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
The Expositor's Greek Testament — Volume 5
Nicoll, W. Robertson (editor), 1851-1923 · 315,635 words · 520 reading sections
Introduction 301
a definite religious experience which assumed in part the form of a trance or rapture. Vision here, as elsewhere, in apocalyptic litera- ture is occasionally the literary form of allegory and tradition ; but not always. The psychological problem is to explain the relation between this inner consciousness of inspira…
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most holy relic, to be kept, not in a gold or silver chest, but in » golden heart, that is, a heart imbued with gentle charity.” Here we have a Christian message couched poetically and effectively in terms of a familiar superstition which neither Luther nor his readers any longer shared. A similar explanation may f…
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the surrounding districts. The visions of the book are frequently put in terms of local and contemporary religion. Even the contour of what are apparently Old Testament reminiscences is occasionally modified by the collateral foreign tendencies which permeated post- exilic Judaism, especially along apocalyptic line…
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influence is strongly marked, though not so strongly as Vdélter, in his latest volume (pp. 29 f., 63 f., 86 f., 116 f.), would make out. This, like that of Babylonia, reaches back not simply to the indirect channel of the post-exilic Judaism, but apparently to an almost direct relationship. In Zoroastrian angelolog…
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cult and sometimes impossible to determine where the threads were drawn from. Clemen’s Religionsgeschichtliche Erklérung des Neuen Testaments (1909) is a convenient handbook to the whole subject of these highways and byways of the apocalyptic fairy-land. § 5. The Nero-redivivus Myth.—The most central of these co- …
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appeared shortly (Tac. Hist. ii, 8-9) after Nero’s death; another (Terentius Maximus) came forward in 80 Α.Ρ., who bore a physical resemblance to the emperor, and was only surrendered by the Parthians to Domitian after some years of power ; a third emerged in 88 Α.Ρ. (Suet. Nero, 57). This created disaffection, esp…
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The eschatological portent of Nero-redivivus, however, was bound up with the pressing claim of the Roman emperors to be worshipped as divine, and it was the latter peril which formed at once the occasion and the theme of John’s Apocalypse. § 6. The Imperial Cultus.—Over two centuries earlier the great exemplar of …
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the solidarity and unity of the empire. Its political convenience, however, lent it increasing momentum. Gradually, on the worship of the Lares Augusti in Italy and the capital (Rushforth, pp. 59 f.) and on the association of the imperial cultus with that of dea Rome (to whom a temple had been erected at Smyrna as …
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emperor (Mommsen, Provinces, i., 344 f.). The Asiarchs probably organised and pushed the new religion, even more than the local magistrates (cf. xiii. 11 f.). At any rate the cultus, attaching itself like mistletoe to institutions and local rites alike, shot up profusely ; polytheism found little trouble in admitti…
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of the oracle required only a few alterations to render it applicable to the later situation, when Nero and Domitian had become for Christians what Caligula had been for the Jews half a century earlier. The arguments for this literary hypothesis, however, are not oxen strong enough to pull the plough (cf. notes on …
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former of its right to the shelter of the imperial aegis and rendered it liable to the religious and patriotic tax of the Caesar-worship which Domitian’s claim now emphasised. The growth of the new faith and the deepening need of the imperial cultus as a national bond of loyalty made a collision between the church …
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1 There were the δειλοὶ and ἄπιστοι, ¢.g., of Apoc. xxi. 8. Cowardice was par- ticularly dangerous on account of its infectious nature. For the bad example of the opportunity of recantation was offered, some denied any recent con- nexion with Christianity, telling the proconsul that they had been (some twenty years…
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were enough to warn him of the storm rolling up the sky, though as yet only one or two drops had actually fallen. Eusebius probably exaggerates when he speaks of “ many others” along with Clemens and Domitilla (iii. 18), and the period of terror was admittedly short (H. E., xx. 9-11, cf. Τότε. Apol. 5), but the cri…
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prophet, and the Christian prophet is ranked beside Moses and the angels as the servant of God κατ ἐξοχήν. The order of prophets is second only to the apostles. If it is the vocation of the prophet to reveal and emphasise the faith, it is the corresponding duty of the martyr to be loyal at all costs to that faith …
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than as growth; the virtues of asceticism and even celibacy (cf. on xiv. 4) acquire unwonted prominence ; sensuous aspects of the mes- sianic reign tend to predominate; the impulse of propaganda is checked by the sombre and fore-shortened view of the world which the presentiment of approaching judgment fostered ; r…
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§ 7. The Date-—When the motive of the Apocalypse is thus found in the pressure upon the Christian conscience exerted by Domitian’s emphasis of the imperial cultus, especially as that was felt in Asia Minor, any earlier date for the book becomes almost impossible (cf. Mommsen’s Provinces of Rom. Empire, ii.175f.). T…
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cults. Thus, since the general intensity of John’s language about martyrdom cannot be explained altogether as either a reminiscence of the Neronic outburst or as a prophetic anticipation of what was to be expected at the hands of the world-power during the latter days— for some concrete occasion is necessary to acc…
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invisible (καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν) was to reappear from the abyss, only to be crushed finally (καὶ eis ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει). In its present form the oracle announces that the downfall of the empire is to be heralded by the reappearance after Titus of one belonging to the seven em- perors (ἐκ τῶν ἑπτά ἐστιν) who, on the traditio…
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suggests, it was more precise and extended. It was held by Hip- polytus, Clement of Alexandria, Jerome, and Victorinus, possibly even by Hegesippus at an earlier date, if Dr. Lawlor is correct in his argument (¥ourn. Theol. Studies, viii. 436 f.) that the statements of Eusebius (H. Ε. iii. 11-20) were borrowed from…
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serves to obliterate most of the exceptionally numerous and glaring irregularities of its syntax. But one drawback of this advantage is that the distinctive characteristics of the book are less vividly felt ; the further one goes from the original, the less visible are those idiosyncrasies of conception, style, and…
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ἐμός (only once), οὖν of logical appeal’ (not of historical transition), Ἱερουσαλήμ. not “Ἱεροσόλυμα, νικᾶν (never transitive, and in special sense cf. on ii. 7), judgment (outward and dramatic, not inward), the Spirit (wholly prophetic, in contrast to the inward Comforter of the Gos- pel), σηµαίνειν, ὑπάγειν, etc.…
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While the author of the Apocalypse cannot have been the author of the Fourth Gospel, his personality is partially disclosed by the internal evidence of the book, which shows that it was the work of a Jewish Christian prophet called John (i. 1, 9, etc.) who was in close touch with the Asiatic churches. It is a προφη…
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belonged. The unique allusion in xxi. 14 to the twelve apostles of the Lamb, however, has an objective and retrospective tinge, which, though it does not absolutely rule out apostolic authorship, points in that direction. It is not a subtle anti-Pauline touch, for even Paul did not number himself among the twelve (…
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Who was this John? Was he some otherwise unknown figure (ἄλλον τινα τῶν ἐν "Agia γενοµένων, Dionysius) in the primitive church of Asia Minor (so e.g., J. Reville, F. C. Porter, Jiilicher)? This is possible, for the name was common enough. But, if it is felt that the work must be connected with a more authoritative …
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old Greek was still the language of every-day life, they were too conscious of the contrasts of style which separate it from the Fourth gospel to accept the view that a single author wrote both. Having to accept John the apostle as author of one or the other, they decided in favour of the gospel. In the West, on th…
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spirit was no longer present in the church. The amount of ante- dated prediction in the Apocalypse (.e., in xiii. xvii.), too, is barely adequate, of itself, to support this theory. And it may be argued that a pseudonymous writer would probably have been more ex- plicit upon the apostolic authority of John, 7.e., i…
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§ 9. The Reception of the Apocalypse.—No immediate traces of the Apocalypse (cf. Zahn’s Geschichte des N. T. Kanons, i., pp. 201 f., and Leipoldt’s Gesch. d. N. T. Kanons, i., pp. 32 f., 58 f., etc.), are to be found in early Christian literature; the two or three apparent allusions in Clemens Romanus, Barnabas, an…
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light of a providential bulwark, it is not surprising that John’s Apocalypse had a hard struggle to retain its place in the canon, and that except in times of sore persecution it did not appeal to the majority of Christians. The result was that before very long the only means of preserving it for ecclesiastical edi…
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the Roman State, the position of the book was fairly secure. New systems of interpretation, allegorical (e.g., that of Tyconius) and semi-historical, were devised to vindicate its rights as a scripture of the church, and these were the more cordially welcomed, as the book itself was enigmatic and in parts ambiguous…
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Dobschiitz = Von Dobschiitz’s die urchristlichen Gemeinden (1902 ; Eng. Tr., ‘Christian Life in the Primitive Church,” 1904). E.B.D.—‘‘The Egyptian Book of the Dead” (ed. E. Wallis Budge; the translation, 1898). E.Bi.=The Encyclopedia Biblica. E.F.=The Fewish Encyclopedia (1901 ff.). Ep. Lugd.=“ The epistle of t…
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Titius = Dr, A. Titius: die vulgare Anschauung von d. Seligkett im Urchristentum (1900). Viteau =Viteau’s Etude sur le grecque du nouveau Testament, vol. i, (1893), vol. ii. (1896). Volz=P. Volz: $iidische Eschatologie (1903). Weinel=Weinel’s die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter (1899). …
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dieck (1887), B. Weiss (2nd ed. 1902), J. Weiss (die Schriften des N. T., 1907), Bousset, and H. J. Holtzmann (Hand-Commentar, 3rd. ed., 1908). Schmiedel’s Volksbuch (1906) is included in the English edition of his Fohannine Writings (1908). There is a competent Dutch commentary by J. M. S. Baljon (Utrecht, 1908); …
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336 ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΜΙΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ i dZech.i. ἀποστείλας διὰ τοῦ * ἀγγέλου αὐτοῦ τῷ δούλῳ αὐτοῦ “lwdvvy, 2. ὃς Q. 13, li. 3, 3 A = ~ A Dan. νι ἐμαρτύρησεν τὸν "λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὴν µαρτυρίαν ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ, 16,ix. 21 f., Ap. Bar. ὅσα { εἶδεν. es (Ramiel), etc.: Dieterich’s Mithras Liturgie, 47 f. e Ver. 9. 3. µακάρι…
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2—4. gar λόγους * τῆς προφητείας καὶ ‘mmpoovtes τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ yeypappeéva.- Wi Cf: xxil: *6 γὰρ καιρὸς ἐγγύς. 4. Ιωάννης ταῖς ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησίαις ταῖς ἐν τῇ ᾿Ασίᾳ: ᾿ χάρις ὑμῖν 18-το. salutation). of its predictions, instead of losing heart and faith (Luke xviii. 8). Cf. Hipp. De Antich. 2 and En. civ. 12, '' books w…
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~ Ν = ol ὢν καὶ 6 ἦν καὶ ὁ "ἐρχόμενος: καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν f ς a , a) iste - ’ Pye ee ‘ α΄, ἃ A raf. ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων & ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου αὐτοῦ: 5. καὶ ἀπὸ ᾿Ιησοῦ n From =. x £ A ~ Hab. ii.3,Xptotod, °S µάρτυς 6 "πιστός, 6 πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν, καὶ 6 ech, ft. το - , ~ ~ ~ - - A _* dpxwv τῶν βασιλέων τῆς γῆς ' τῷ ἀγαπῶ…
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curate rendering of Ὁ ΓΙ nobnn (Exod. xix. 6) to emphasise the royal standing of the Christian community in connexion with their Christ as ἄρχων, κ.τ.λ., and also (Tit. ii. 3) their indivi- dual privilege of intimate access to God as the result of Christ’s sacrificial death. Sande 1, 18-19. t ’ a a ~ A - . βα…
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Ver. 7. A reminiscence and adaptation of Dan. vii. 13 (Theod.) and Zech. xii. 10-14. The substitution of ἐξεκέγτησαν (so John xix. 37, Justin’s Afol. i. 52, Dial. xxxii., cf. \xi., cxviii., adding eis) for κατωρχ- ήσαντο (LXX mistranslation in this passage, though not elsewhere, of 1121) —shows that the original…
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‘ead ? 8. “Εγώ εἰμι "τὸ ἄλφα καὶ τὸ ὦ,') λέγει κύριος 6 θεός, °S ὢν' καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, ὁ * παντοκράτωρ. 9. ᾿Εγὼ "Ἰωάννης, ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν καὶ συγκοινωνὸς ἐν τῇ θλίψει 18. Ε., cf. Isa. xli. 4, xliii. το, etc. c Ver. 4. 18, only in Apoc. (?) in N.T. Here, as 3 Macc. vi.. 305, and Kattenbusch (ii. 533 f.). ε…
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341 ~ 3 “a 3 , > ~ , ~ καὶ βασιλείᾳ καὶ ' ὑπομονῇ ἐν ᾿Ιησοῦ, ἐγενόμην ἐν TH νήσῳ τῇ f Keynote καλουµένῃ Πάτμω "Sd τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὴν µαρτυρίαν 19, Clem. Rom. ΧΧΧΥ., είο. practically (cf. Eus., Η. Ε., iii 18, 1-3). 561 f.), besides those in Greece and Syria and Egypt, were eagerly frequented, it was of m…
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22 342 b (From b Zech. i. 6, vii.12, etc, LXX), cf. trast γεν. ἐν ἑαυτῷ Acts xii. 11. ᾿Ιησοῦ. ro. ἐγενόμην elaborated) it must be supposed to be vague simply because the matter was perfectly familiar to the circle for whom the book was written. It is to those exercised in prudence, temperance, and virtue t…
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ἐν πνεύµατι ἐν τῇ κυριακῇ ἡμέρα: καὶ iv. 2, xxi. 10; condition of vision, Acts Vii. 55; = ἐν ἐκστάσει (Acts xi. 5, xxii. 17), con- Jesus and stored with O.T. messianic conceptions from Daniel and Ezekiel, the prophet had the following ecstasy in which the thoughts of Jesus and of the church already present to his…
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10—13. 343 ἤκουσα | ὀπίσω µου φωνὴν μεγάλην "ὡς σάλπιγγος 11ο )λεγούσης, i C/. Esek. «3Ο βλέπεις γράψον εἰς βιβλίον καὶ πέµψον "ταῖς ἑπτὰ ἐκκλη- k δε φωνήν; σίαις, cis Ἔφεσον καὶ εἰς Σμύρναν kal εἰς Πέργαμον καὶ eis Θυάτειρα wis and τι where voice re- curs, also Soph. καὶ εἲς Σάρδεις καὶ eis Φιλαδελφίαν καὶ εἰ…
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Ver. 13. The churches are inseparable from their head and centre Jesus, who moves among the cressets of his temple with the dignity and authority of a high priest. The anarthrous ¥. 4. is the human appearance of the celestial mes- 344 q Only here in N.T.: Sir. xxvii. 8. r Like angels in xv. 6. ζώνην χρυσᾶ…
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14—17. 345 A ~ 15. καὶ οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι ᾿ χαλκολιβάνῳω, ὡς ἐν Kapivy v ii. τῇ, of. πεπυρωµένης * } καὶ " ἡ φωνὴ αὐτοῦ ὡς φωνὴ ὑδάτων πολλῶν : 16. καὶ * ἔχων ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ ἀστέρας ἑπτά : Ezek. 1. 7 (LXX). w Ezek. i. 24, xliii. 2 (Heb.), 4 Esd. vi. Δ ~ A = 17. καὶ ἐκ τοῦ στόµατος αὐτοῦ ῥομφαί…
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346 ς Isa. xliv. 6, xlviii. 12, cf. below on iii. 14. d Cf. xxii. 3, 16f. e Job xxxviii. 17, Sap. xvi. 13. , A - 5, θανάτου καὶ τοῦ adou. f = κλεῖδας (Helbing 4ο). the grave, see Rohde’s Psyche (1894), 491 f., 673 f. ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΜΙΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ is fol 4 ἐγώ εἰμι °6 πρῶτος καὶ 6 " ἔσχατος, 18. καὶ] ἐγενόμην νεκρό…
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Ver. 1ο. οὖν, at the command of him who has authority over the other world and the future (resuming ver. II. now that the paralysing fear of ver. 17 has been removed). Like the author of 4th Esdras, this prophet is far more interested in history than in the chronological speculations which engrossed many of the …
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348 i Similar explana- ῃ -.. τε \ ς ah te , ef. tions, xiii. at ἑπτὰ, ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησίαι εἰσί. II. τ. “Τοι ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Εφέσῳ] ἐκκλησίας γράψον. Τάδε λέγει 18, xvii. 7, 9, Mk. xiii. 14, 1 Cor. XV. 51, Rom. xi. 25 (cf. 1 Cor. xiv. 1 f.). πι. ‘ot ἑπτὰ ἀστέρες ἄγγελοι τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν εἰσί: καὶ at λυχνίαι 1 Th…
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CuapTer II, 1-CHapTeEr III. 20. The aes - péow τῶν ἑπτὰ λυχνιῶν τῶν χρυσῶν : \ , ΔΝ τὸν κόπον καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου, καὶ ὅτι οὐ δύνῃ "βαστάσαι κακούς, ‘ , , καὶ émelpagas τοὺς λέγοντας ἑαυτοὺς εἶναι ἀποστόλους "καὶ οὐκ ὀφρὺν βαστάσει), ''Τποι canst not so much as tolerate”. “tested, put to the proof”. e Cf. on …
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249 © κρατῶν τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀστέρας ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ, ὁ " περιπατῶν ἐν α Lev. xxiv. 4, ΧΧΥΙ. 12 (LXX), b Not in ii. 9, 13. c (Cf. Epict. Diss. 1. 3, 2 ovdeis 8 σουτ. ἁτ John iv. 1, cf. 2 Cor. xiii. 5: 2. Οἶδα τὰ Pépya σου, καὶ plified more especially in its active and passive sides, as exertion and endurance, …
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Le ~ ‘ f For these εἰσί, καὶ ‘edpes αὐτοὺς eudeis, 3. καὶ ὑπομονὴν ἔχεις, καὶ unedu- cated forms in -ες, Cf. Moulton, g For phrase, cf. Matt. v. 23. Cf. Eph. iii. 17, v. 2, 1 Tim. i. 5. ἐβάστασας διὰ τὸ ὄνομά µου, καὶ οὐ * κεκοπίακες. 4. “AN ἔχω ἕκατὰ god ὅτι τὴν " ἀγάπην σου τὴν πρώτην ἀφῆκαςὶ 5. μνηµόνε…
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Ver. 5. πόθεν, from what a height. Contrast Cic, ad Attic. iv. 17: ‘nom 3---6. 351 , ἔργα ‘moincov: εἰ δὲ py, ἔρχομαί “oor καὶ | κινήσω τὴν λυχνίαν ΚΙ. 16, iii. 3. Ε σου ἐκ τοῦ } tecordor unde ceciderim, sed unde re- surrexerim”. To realise that a decline has taken place, or to admit a lapse, is the first st…
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352 ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΙΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ h, mPs. ἔχεις, OTL "' μισεῖς τὰ ἔργα τῶν Νικολαϊτῶν, "G& κἀγὼ μισῶ. 7. “oO CXXXIX. nm aA , nw 21,cf.on ἔχων οὓς ἀκουσάτω τί τὸ Πνεῦμα λέγει ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις: TO Rom. xii. 9. n Cf. Polyk. Phil. ii. ο. (ἐδίδασκεν adiapopiav βίου) and the phrase attributed to him by Clem. Alex. (παραχρήσασθ…
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7—8. 353 Ρνικῶντι δώσω αὐτῷ "φαγεῖν ἐκ τοῦ ξύλου τῆς ζωῆς, ὅ ἐστιν ἐν ρ Εη.].2. lal , an A τῷ "παραδείσω τοῦ θεοῦ. “8. Καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς] ἐν Σμύρνη ἐκκλησίας γράψον' Τάδε I xxii. 2, 14, 19. q Redun- dant, Moult. i. 85, Win. § 22, a s Ezek. xxxi. 8, 2 Cor. xii. 4, Lk. xxiii. 43; Basen 148. 1 For της ΟΡΟ (T…
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354 Diat. πάσχειν. 2781. v Result of θλῖΨις (Heb. x. 33-34) ? iv, 21. x Cf. 1 Pet. iii. 16, iv. 4. (Blass, § 72, 2). a iii. 9, 2 Cor. xi. 14-15. Il. οὐκ εἰσὶν, ἀλλὰ συναγωγὴ "τοῦ Σατανᾶ. 19. Μηδὲν] φοβοῦ & µέλλεις ἰδοὺ μέλλει βάλλειν 6 διάβολος ἐξ ὑμῶν eis φυλακὴν w 2 Cor. vi. 10, viii. 9, Jas. ii. 5, cf. Ps.…
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ἵνα πειρασθῆτε: καὶ ἔξετε θλίψιν ἡμερῶν "δέκα. 3 ἄχρι θανάτου, καὶ δώσω σοι τὸν ᾿στέφανον τῆς * ζωῆς. ἔχων obs ἀκουσάτω τί τὸ Πνεῦμα λέγει ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις “O νικῶν οὗ μὴ ἀδικηθῇ ἐκ τοῦ ἔ θανάτου τοῦ © δευτέρου. “12. Καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Περγάµω ἐκκλησίας γράψον. Τάδε λέγει 3 ὅ ἔχων τὴν ῥομφαίαν τὴν δίστοµον τὴν ὀξ…
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Vv. 12-17. The message to Pergamos, the Benares or Lourdes of the province. Ver. 12. The title is apt in view of ver. 16. Ver. 13. Two features in the local situation menaced Christianity. Perga- mos, besides forming a legal centre for the district (ad eam conueniunt Thyatireni aliaeque inhonorae ciuitates, Pli…
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----ἴδ. 397 ἐνώπιον τῶν υἱῶν Ισραήλ, Ὁ φαγεῖν εἰδωλόθυτα καὶ “ πορνεῦσαι. pt Cor. 15. οὕτως ἔχεις καὶ σὺ κρατοῦντας τὴν διδαχὴν τῶν Νικολαϊτῶν 16. Μετανόησον: εἰ δὲ py, "ἔρχομαί σοι ταχύ καὶ ες , 1 οµοιως. Vili. 7-13 X. 20-30. q xiv. 8, XVii. 1-5, 4-5, XVili- 3519: τ il. 5, ili. 3 1Al., Diist., Lachm., WH,…
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Ver. 16. The church as a whole must repent of her too tolerant attitude to these errorists, but the threatened visi- tation is directed against the errorists themselves in the shape of some physical malady or mortal sickness, according to the current belief in early Christianity 23 358 8 xii. 7, χΗῖ."πολεμήσω …
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17—18. , Cg Wee cy a 3 u x , λευκήν, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ψῆφον ὄνομα "καινὸν yeypappevoy, οἶδεν εἰ μὴ ὁ λαμβάνων. 309 ὃ οὐδεὶς u Isa. Ixii. 2, Ixv. 15. v Cf. on Acts xvi. “18. Καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν " Θυατείροις] ἐκκλησίας γράψον, 14. 10η the variant τω (Lach., WH, Sw.) for της, cf. ii. 1,8. The singular form, νατειρη…
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Vv. 18-29. Thelongest message of the seven is to a church in the least im- portant of the cities (judged from the historical standpoint) Thyatira, a town- ship of Northern Lydia, the holy city of Apollo Tyrimnaios, adjacent to the high road between Perg. and Sardis. It soon became a centre of Montanism. Ver. 18…
884 wordsSource & rights
Public domain historical edition (1897); scan/OCR from Internet Archive.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.