pressly Identified with 'the Son of Man' (13^^) the Inalienably divine function of Judge of the earth is assigned, and it is with this high connotation In His mind that He speaks of Himself as such, over against His " domestics," when He warns them not to expect better treatment at the hands of men than He has re- ceived (io-°). The implications of sovereignty inherent in the term run up in its application therefore into the sovereignty of God : as ' House-master ' {ohodeanov/jz) , Jesus Is pictured as our divine Lord.-^^
If 'Teacher' {dcddaxah) somewhat sinks In value
as an honorific form of address in Matthew as
compared with Mark, Its more Greek
a^AddreL equivalent, 'Lord' i^opce)^ on the other hand, is more frequently and va- riously employed by Matthew than by Mark.^^ It
IS On the meaning of oUodefTTtoTTji; see T. D. Woolsey, Bibliotheca Sacra, July, 1861, p. 599. AeaTzorrj'i means "the absolute owner of things . . . as . . . decFTrdrr]^ oixta?, the master of a house or household; whence the oixodefrnozr]? of the sacred writers." Cf. Trench, Synonyms of N. T., xxviii., p. 91.
1^ On the use of xupte in Matthew and its relations to other forms of address, cf. Zahn, on Mt. 7-1 (p. 315, note 235). Kupce, he tells us, is employed " as an address to Jesus on the part of people who still stood at a distance from Jesus, commonly in seeking help from Him, in Mt 8-'^'^ 9^8 (v. 37, Son of David), 1522,27 (j-^g fj^st time along with Son of David), 1715 2o30'33, Jno 411,15,19,49 j? ^34 986,38; on the part of male and female disciples at Mt 821-25 1^28,30 1^22 j^* ig2i 2622, Jno 668 113,12,21,27,32,34,39 136,9,25,86 145,8,22. Although the disciples of Jesus also address Him by SiddaxaXe (Jno 1313-16, cf. Mt io24; examples: Mk 4^8 938 i^ij pafifii, Mk 9^ ii2i, Jno i38,49 481 ^2 118), the distinction is, however, to be noted that this address is used also by His opponents, and especially by the scribes (in Mt 8i^ no doubt by a friendly scribe in approaching Him, but still one who did not become a disciple, in clear distinction from 821, cf. i238 19I8 22i8'2*,38 Jno 3^: and by Judas, Mt 2625,49)^ while on the other hand xvpie'n never so used, since from the very nature of the case it is the address
70 The Designations of Our Lord
appears upon the lips alike of applicants for our Lord's mercy, whether Jewish (8* 9-^ 17^^ 2o^^'^^'^^) or heathen (86.8 J 5-22,25 J ^27)^ ^^d of His disciplcs (8-^'-^ i4-S'3o 16^- 17^ 18^^ 26"^) ; but never on the lips of one who Is not in some sense a follower of Jesus, either as suitor for His grace or as His professed disciple. 'Lord' (x'jf}is) is accordingly a higher mode of designation in Matthew than 'Teacher' (dcddcrxah), and imports a closer bond of connection with Jesus and a more profound and operative recognition of His authority. It occurs some twenty-one times^" as a form of address to Jesus, and, besides once as an address to God (ii'^), only a single time (to Pilate, 27^^), outside of parables, as an address to anyone else. Even in Its parabolic use, Indeed, Its reference Is always (except 21^^ only) either to God ( ig-^-^-'^]'-'^'^^ jg32,34 2i42^ ^f ^24^ qj. |.q jeg^g plcturcd In positions of supreme authority ([13-"] 20« 24^^-^^'^«'^o ^s^'"'^'^''^'''''''
of the servant to his master and ruler, among the Orientals and later the Hellenists and after Domitian also the Romans the address of subjects to governors, occasionally also of the son to the father (e.g. Berlin Aegypt. Urkiind. 8i6, i. 28, 821, i) and always an honorific expression of subjection to those addressed (cf. Mt 22** s*""!-), or at least of dependence upon them at the moment. Thus Pilate is so addressed by the Sanhedrin (Mt 27''^), but also Philip by the Greeks (Jno 12-1), the gardener by the Magdalen (Jno 201^5), in each case in preferring a request." When Zahn says (on the same page) that "it vpas only after Jesus' death " that xupts " took on in the Christian community a more precise and richer content," he seems not to be bearing in mind the implications of such passages as 21^ 24"'- 22''3-*^, and even 7-1 itself, though Zahn explains that passage otherwise. It is clear from even 21^ alone that Jesus was constantly called 'Lord' and that in a very high connotation.
20 g2.6,8,21,25 ^28 1^.28,30 1520,27 jg" 171,15 i821 ZO^O-SS 26=2, cf. 2537,44 721,21. Also 1522 2031.
The Designations in Matthew 71